1 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/60b63d1a0c894044aca5d7f84d596a19.jpg b25fcec5175450575386ab800ff36929 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Trajan Decius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 249-251 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Decius, in profile view, radiate, draped and cuirassed. IMP(ERATOR) C(AIVS) M(ESSIUS) Q(UINTVS) TRAIANVS DECIVS AUG(VSTVS) : Imperator Caius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius Augustus Reverse: Personification of Felicitas, holding a cornucopiae and caduceus. FELICITAS SAECVLI: the felicity of the age Style/Period: Roman Empire Gaius Messius Quintus Decius adopted the title Traianus in order to associate himself with the emperor Trajan and his military policy and association with Danube. The designation IMP reflected Decius's constant military prowess, as he was typically in battle. Decius's portrait is similar to the "veristic" style of Republican portraiture, which also aligns with his traditional conservative values. His forehead is lined and his cheeks are sunken. He is also wearing a cuirass, a military garment, again showing his emphasis on militarism. On his head, he wears a radiate crown. This crown had been used since the time of Tiberius to give its subject an association with the divine, namely Sol, the sun god. At this time, the radiate crown also served to double the denomination of the coin. On the reverse of the coin is a personification of Felicitas with two of her most common attributes, a cornucopiae and a caduceus. These symbols work together to indicate wealth and prosperity. The inscription "the felicity of the age" was commonly used to advertise the blessings brought by the emperor. The obverse and reverse taken together illustrate the contradictions of Decius' reign. While his name recalls Trajan, his portrait certainly does not. Decius shows himself to be a military man, tired and weary, but at the same time is trying to project an image of the perfect, prosperous Empire on the reverse. - Anna E. Vogel, LU '18 Bibliography: S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, eds., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford 1996), s.v. Messius Quintus Decius; J. M. Jones, A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins (London 1990), s.v. caduceus, cornucopiae, Felicitas, radiate crown; F. S. Salisbury and H. Mattingly, “The Reign of Trajan Decius,” The Journal of Roman Studies 14 (1924) 1-23. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.223 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries auction, December 2, 1960. Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Double Sestertius of Trajan Decius https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/61bd8b9a70bb58c987fe2519c75a273a.jpg 89c0dec78112131e76956bf8cc7a7cc8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Commodus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 187 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate and cuirassed bust of Commodus facing right; M(ARCVS) COMMODVS ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVG(VSTVS) BRIT(ANNICVS): Marcus Commodus Antoninus Pius, fortunate Augustus, restorer of Britain. Reverse: Tellus reclining facing left with starred globe on right and fruit basket at left; the Four Seasons march over the globe; in exergue, TELLVS STABIL(ITA): Mother Earth made steady; P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) XII IMP(ERATOR) VIII CO(N)S(VL) V P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the twelfth time, imperator for the eighth time, consul for the fifth time, father of the country. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius' son Commodus was born in 161 CE. He held the title Caesar from 166 CE until 177 CE, when he became co-emperor with Aurelius. Commodus acceded to the throne as sole emperor at Marcus Aurelius' death in 180 CE. Commodus' reign was largely peaceful, but trouble occurred with the violation of the Antonine Wall in Britain, and Commodus gained the title Britannicus upon the victory in Britain of 184 CE. The title felix, also from 184 CE, refers to the success in Britain and perhaps as well to military success in Sarmatia. Commodus was contemptuous of the Senate, increasingly autocratic, and in the end mad, associating himself with numerous divinities and especially with Hercules, engaging in gladiatorial games and renaming Rome Colonia Commodiana. He was assassinated in 192 CE. The obverse portrait belongs to the type of Commodus' later portraits; he is in his late twenties and has a full and detailed beard. The reverse depicts Tellus (Mother Earth); since she has been "stabilized," this image can be viewed as sending the perhaps much-needed message that foreign affairs are in the emperor's allegedly capable hands. Many medallions such as this were minted during the Roman imperial period. They differ in size and weight from ordinary coinage. Other than the fact that they are typically commemorative, their function remains somewhat obscure; it is clear, however, that they were not financial instruments in general circulation. A greater variety of mythological scenes is illustrated on medallions than on ordinary coinage, and the medallion seems to occupy a niche as a showcase for especially detailed artistic depiction and excellent craftsmanship. -- Malcolm Pettingell Hyman, LU '93 Bibliography: J.P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (London 1978) no. 359. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.188 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Bank Leu, 1983. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, cuirass, Commodus, Tellus, globe, fruit, basket Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Medallion of Commodus, 57.43 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/a8782f61f1a81b525e8fc9666445626f.jpg 792680fe008e71cb333dc1f8bb171f66 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Philip I (Philip the Arab) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 248 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Philip II facing right; IMP(ERATOR) CAES(AR) M(ARCVS) IVL(IVS) PHILIPPVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Caesar Marcus Iulius Philippus Augustus. Reverse: In a facing quadriga led by two soldiers, each with spear and shield, Philip I, holding branch and crowned by Victoria, and Philip II, with right hand extended; PONTIFEX MAX(IMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) V: pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the fifth time; in exergue, CO(N)S(VL) III P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): consul for the third time, father of the country. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Julius Philippus was born in the Roman province of Arabia and is thus often called Philip the Arab. In 243 CE he became praetorian prefect under the young emperor Gordian III, whom he murdered within a year. He made peace with the Persians, who had invaded Roman territory under Gordian, and set about building a dynasty on the model of the Antonines and Severans. He made his son, Philip, Caesar in 244 CE and, although he was still very young, shared the consulate with him and raised him to the rank of Augustus in 247 CE. Philip did not live to carry out his plans, however, because the troops at the Danube proclaimed a reluctant Decius emperor, and Philip died when Decius engaged him in battle at Verona in 249 CE. Philip II was killed at about the same time. In 245 CE the German Carpi attacked the frontier and engaged Philip's troops until 247 CE, when he returned in triumph to Rome. In a series of medallions in 247 CE and 248 he celebrated his great triumph, as well as the elevation of Philip II to Augustus that accompanied it. Father and son are crowned by Victoria in their triumphal chariot. Although the titles on the reverse belong to Philip I, the beardless bust on the obverse depicts Philip II. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: J.P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (London 1978) 311 no. 457 (similar reverse). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.221 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Bank Leu, 7/6/1985. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, quadriga, horse, soldiers, spear, shield, Philip I, Victoria, Philip II Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Medallion of Philip I (Philip the Arab), 51.29 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/aacb273adf876a61d3d64ff7738641ee.jpg d47bdd7254d4ae774cc95174cf451bdf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Antoninus Pius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 146-161 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped bust of Faustina the Younger facing right; FAVSTINA AVG(VSTA) PII AVG(VSTI) FIL(IA): Faustina Augusta, daughter of Pius Augustus. Reverse: Venus standing facing left, holding apple in right hand and scepter in left; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; VENVS: Venus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Female members of the imperial family were often associated with major goddesses of the Roman Pantheon such as Juno, Ceres, and Venus. Venus in particular was identified with empresses. On this sestertius of Antoninus Pius in honor of his daughter Faustina the Younger, Venus holds an apple, the prize she was awarded when judged the most beautiful goddess in the Judgment of Paris. After Faustina's death and consecration, her husband, Marcus Aurelius, erected an altar to her before the temple of Venus. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 1387. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.183 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Munzen and Medaillen, 6/19/1972. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Faustina the Younger, Venus, apple, scepter, Antoninus Pius Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Antoninus Pius, 27.16 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/6583e7ea409b4eb93609ab03589a5074.jpg 5164e25d0f2feec9ad34b955d8c787b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caligula Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 39-40 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head, C(AIVS) CAESAR DIVI AVG(VSTI) PRON(EPOS) AVG(VSTVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) III P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Gaius Caesar Augustus, great grandson of Divine Augustus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the third time, father of the country Reverse: S(ENATVS) P(OPVLVS) Q(VE) R(OMANVS)/ P(ATER) P(ATRIAE)/ OB CIVES/ SERVATOS in four lines, within oak wreath: The Senate and the People of Rome, pater patriae, for having saved the citizens Style/Period: Early Roman Empire The obverse of this coin depicts the head of Caligula, third emperor of Rome, with a laurel wreath on his head. The inscription identifies him as the great-grandson of Divine Augustus. While Caligula was not the biological great-grandson of Augustus, his father, Germanicus, was adopted by Tiberius in 4 CE. Tiberius himself had been adopted by Augustus, after Augustus married Livia Drusilla, thus making Caligula the great-grandson of Augustus. In his portrait on the obverse, Caligula is depicted in the typical idealized Julio-Claudian style started by Augustus. However, Caligula was very young when he was emperor (his mid-late twenties), so it is possible this reflected more of his actual appearance, especially as it features the very broad forehead mentioned by Suetonios in his life of Caligula (50). The reverse of the coin has an inscription with an oak wreath around it. This oak wreath can be identified as the corona civica, or civic crown. The corona civica was granted by the Senate to citizens who had saved the lives of other citizens in battle. It was awarded to Augustus in 27 BCE. The inscription indicates that Augustus received this honor “for having saved the citizens,” that is by putting an end to a period of turbulence in Roman history and bringing peace to the new empire. This inscription fits also well with the obverse of the coin, and it is clear that Caligula was attempting to both honor Augustus and make his connection to him clear. -- Anna Vogel, LU `18 Bibliography: S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, eds., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford 1996), s.v. Augustus, Gaius (1), Germanicus, Tiberius; J. M. Jones, A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins (London 1990), s.v. laurel, oak; D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 126-127; C.H.V. Sutherland and R.A.G. Carson, The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. 1 (London 1984), 110-111. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.126 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, March 11, 1960. Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Caligula, 28.87 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/56193f97f8e8c90ca897752ea7cf1c3f.jpg 95bfb1b2a616b3aaed9dafa43b5219ef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caracalla Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 209 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate and cuirassed bust of Caracalla; M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. Reverse: Caracalla and Geta standing and sacrificing over an altar; veiled figure stands, facing, behind altar; PONTIF TR P XII COS III; in exergue, S C. Style/Period: Roman Empire Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.202 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, March 11, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Caracalla, Geta, sacrifice, altar Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Caracalla, 22.85 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/8ebd9ad8daa35a56c4ff9a4147730db5.jpg 44d8bafc6d45e6813d2e29edfdaa3b29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Domitian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 90-91 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Domitian facing right.; IMP(ERATOR) CAES(AR) DOMIT(IANVS) AVG(VSTVS) GERM(ANICVS) CO(N)S(VL) XV CENS(OR) PER(PETVVS) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus, consul for the fifteenth time, censor in perpetuity, father of the country. Reverse: Jupiter seated facing left, holding Victoria in right hand and scepter in left; IOVI VICTORI: to Jove Victorious; in exergue, S(ENATVS) C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire The reverse of this sestertius depicts the chief Roman god, Jove or Jupiter, with the epithet "Victorious," apparently a general reference to Domitian's success in securing the western and northern frontiers at this time. Although Minerva as his patron deity was usually the object of Domitian's thank offerings, Jupiter was also a pre-eminent war god who occupied a special position in the empire as protector of the emperor. Domitian replaced the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline that burned in 80 CE with a magnificent building with gilded doors and roof, and he also rebuilt the Temple of Jupiter Tonans, probably also damaged in the same fire. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 388. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.155 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman Empire, Domitian, Jupiter, Victoria, scepter Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Domitian, 24.23 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7124e32d5ebcabf929e6ba8fc73d6238.jpg d6722ebb287a50c8299a1d4819bcd734 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Domitian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 85 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Domitian with aegis facing right; IMP(ERTAOR) CAES(AR) DOMIT(IANVS) AVG(VSTVS) GERM(ANICVS) CO(N)S(VL) XI CENS(ORIA) POT(ESTATE) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus, consul for the eleventh time, with the power of the censorship, father of the country. Reverse: Domitian, draped and veiled, standing facing left with patera in right hand, sacrificing over altar; behind, shrine with statue of Minerva; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire Domitian's devotion to the goddess Minerva is expressed at its fullest on the reverse of this sestertius of 85 CE (see also 91.152). Domitian himself, veiled in the manner of a priest, pours from a patera or offering bowl onto a lighted altar. In the background is a small open shrine and in it a statue of the goddess holding her spear and one of her attributes, an owl. The name Germanicus, acquired as a result of his defeat of the Chatti in Germany in the previous year, suggests that the offering is in gratitude for his military success. In the portrait on the obverse, Domitian wears an aegis, a shawl-like garment that is a regular attribute of Minerva. It is sometimes also worn by emperors, especially those like Domitian who are particularly associated with the goddess. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 283. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.154 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, August 12, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Domitian, aegis, patera, sacrifice, altar, shrine, Minerva Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Domitian, 28.20 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/5173ec07592af5ccd1606e37dc9d2f61.jpg e5c82a66e9230909407970289fc40bf6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gaius Germanicus (Caligula) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 39-40 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and veiled Pietas seated facing left, holding patera in right and resting left on small figure forming part of seat; C(AIVS) CAESAR DIVI AVG(VSTI) PRON(EPOS) AVG(VSTVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) III P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Gaius Caesar, great-grandson of Divine Augustus, Augustus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the third time, father of the country; in exergue, PIETAS: Pietas. Reverse: Before hexastyle garlanded temple surmounted by quadriga, Gaius, togate and veiled, sacrifices with patera over garlanded altar; attendant to left leads bull to altar; attendant to right holds patera; DIVO-AVG(VSTO): to Divine Augustus; S(ENATVS)- C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire The emperor Tiberius was succeeded by Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, the only male member of the family of the popular Germanicus to survive the plots of Tiberius and his adviser, Sejanus, who had feared their interference with the succession. Officially known as Gaius Caesar, he accompanied his father on his assignment at the Rhine frontier, where the soldiers nicknamed him Caligula or Little Boot for the miniature military outfit he wore there. As emperor he became increasingly autocratic, cruel, and extravagant, and his troops assassinated him in 41 CE. Few of Caligula's coins refer to specific events in his reign, emphasizing instead his family and particularly his relationship to Augustus. On the obverse of this sestertius the usual portrait of the emperor has been replaced by the personification Pietas, who refers particularly to the obligation to honor the family. The legend specifically identifies Caligula's relationship to Augustus, and on the reverse the emperor sacrifices to Augustus in front of the Temple of Divine Augustus, which was begun by Tiberius but dedicated by Caligula in 37 CE. This coin type was first issued in 37 CE to commemorate the dedication of the temple and later revived. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 44; P.V. Hill, The Monuments of Rome as Coin Types (London 1989) 19-21. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.128 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, August 12, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Pietas, patera, temple, quadriga, Gaius, Caligula, sacrifice, altar, bull Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Gaius (Caligula), 27.44 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/c1bfb7826d1de5ca037640416277b733.jpg 8b61db0610d2ac6e8fce92712e79d022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Galba Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 69 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and laureate bust of Galba facing right; IMP(ERATOR) SER(VIVS) SVLP(ICIVS)GALBA CAES(AR) AVG(VSTVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE): ImperatorServius Sulpicius Galba, Caesar, Augustus, with tribunician power. Reverse: Libertas standing facing left, draped and holding pileus in right and scepter in left; LIBERTAS PVBLICA: Liberty of the public; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire Servius Sulpicius Galba, who was born into an old aristocratic family and who had served as governor in Germany and Spain, joined the revolt against Nero, was hailed imperator by his troops, and assumed the title Augustus on the death of Nero. He was murdered by his troops after a reign of only about eight months. Galba issued coins during the revolt, before he had been confirmed as Augustus by the Senate, and these featured types and slogans of the revolt promising the restitution of Rome and of liberty. This coin, issued after Galba had become emperor, still has some of that character, with its reverse depicting Libertas Publica. Libertas had been worshipped in the republic as the personification of personal liberty, but in the empire she stood for liberation from tyranny. Here she holds her usual attributes, a scepter and a pileus, a conical cap given to slaves when they received their freedom. Galba's portrait on the obverse shows that he rejected the youthful classicism of the Julio-Claudians and the flourishes of Nero for an uncompromising realism perhaps meant to recall the verism of the late republic and to appeal to the military upon which his power depended. He was already over seventy when he became emperor, and he is depicted as elderly, with a lined forehead, bags under his eyes, and sagging jowls. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 309. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.143 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, March 11, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empires, Galba, Libertas, pileus, scepter Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Galba, 26.27 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/ad720ec79c951039fb91554d49238f34.jpg 3e0b2504e3f196a34421f0bac365fa3f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marcus Aurelius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 163-164 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Marcus Aurelius facing right; M(ARCVS) AVREL(IVS) ANTONINVS AVG(VSTVS) ARMENIACVS P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS): Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, restorer of Armenia, pontifex maximus. Reverse: Mars standing facing right, with spear in right hand and shield in left; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) XVIII IMP(ERATOR) II CO(N)S(VL) III: with tribunician power for the eighteenth time, imperator for the second time, consul for the third time. Style/Period: Roman Empire Aurelius' first serious problem after his accession was the invasion of Armenia by the Parthians. In 162 CE Aurelius' co-regent, Lucius Verus, went to the East to deal with the problem, and his victory there in 164 CE re-established Roman control of the area. This coin (see also 91.179) refers to his initial victory, which was the occasion for Aurelius' second donative (a donativum or donative was the gift of money to soldiers, typically in celebration of a military victory; the civilian equivalent was called a congiarium-see 91.171). The reverse appropriately depicts Mars, the god of war. He is depicted with his usual attributes, wearing a cuirass and helmet and holding his spear and shield. -- Malcolm Pettingell Hyman, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 861. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.180 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Purchased from Edward Gans 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Marcus Aurelius, Mars, spear, shield, Marcus Aurelius Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Marcus Aurelius, 24.98 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e7e821979f256754e8fa35be48584889.jpg 3416130c692a58239278bb7720bf0089 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-66 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Nero facing left; NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GER(MANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) IMP(ERATOR) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, imperator, father of the country. Reverse: On right, veiled and draped Ceres seated left, holding grain in right and torch in left; on left, draped Annona standing right, right resting on hip, left holding cornucopia; between them, modius on garlanded altar; behind, ship's stern; ANNONA AVGVSTI CERES: Annona and Ceres of the Augustus; in exergue, S(ENATVS) C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire By Nero's time the city of Rome had long ceased to be self-sufficient in its food supplies, especially grain, which had to be imported from all over the empire. Nero took great pains on his coins to refer to the adequacy of the grain supply in his reign. His sestertius depicting his improvements in the Port of Ostia (see 91.141), the main point of entry for the imported grain, alluded to its improved transport, and the reverse of this sestertius conveys the same message in another way. On either side of an altar are Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture, and Annona, the personification of the grain harvest. Ceres holds her usual attributes, grain and the torch with which she searches for her daughter, Proserpina, held captive in the Underworld for the winter months. Annona holds a cornucopia, symbol of agricultural abundance; this is her first appearance on a coin. On the altar is a modius, a grain measure, and in the background a ship's stern, references to the transport of the grain. The portrait on the obverse portrays Nero with curls rather than a shelf of waves over his forehead and with a beard (compare 91.134). --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 140. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.137 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Platt Hall collection; ex du Chastel collection; Malter, 1975. Subject The topic of the resource Nero, Ceres, grain, torch, Annona, cornucopia, modius, garland, altar, ship Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 25.35 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/8bdb0574f2eb666025e82cc17303fdfb.jpg 60fb30ebb2aafb04f32e8740422dc8f9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-66 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Nero facing right; NERO CLAVD(IVS) CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GER(MANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) IMP(ERATOR) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, imperator, father of the country. Reverse: Nero, bare-headed, cuirassed, and wearing cloak, prancing right on horseback, holding spear in right hand; behind, mounted soldier prancing right with vexillum over right shoulder; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; in exergue, DECVRSIO: decursio. Style/Period: Roman Empire The reverse of this sestertius of Nero depicts the decursio, a type of military exercise on horseback that was perhaps performed in the training of the cavalry and in public shows and competitions. Nero was very fond of horses, particularly chariot racing, and it would not have been out of character for him to have had himself depicted as a participant in this event. The standard bearer who accompanies him suggests that the exercise in this case was meant to refer to manoeuvers of the praetorian guard, the troops who guarded the emperor. The portrait on the obverse of this coin is Nero's late type, with its distinctive hairstyle and very fleshy face and neck. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 396, 436. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.138 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Ives collection; Coin Galleries, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, cuirass, horse, spear, soldier, vexillum Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 25.79 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f5ba8c2b6c8c334b388004284b9d0db3.jpg 966e08449153b12e310c8f53dd88cefa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-66 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Nero facing right; NERO CLAVD(IVS) CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GERM(ANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) IMP(ERATOR) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, imperator, father of the country. Reverse: Bird's-eye view of the port of Ostia. At top, lighthouse surmounted by statue of Neptune left, holding scepter; at bottom, reclining figure of Tiber left, holding rudder in right and dolphin in left; to left, crescent-shaped pier with portico; to right, crescent-shaped row of slips; in center, seven ships; PORT(VS) OST(IENSIS) AVGVSTI: the port of Augustus of Ostia; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire One consequence of the emperor Nero's monetary reform of c. 64 CE (see 91.134) was the reintroduction of the bronze sestertius, which had been suspended since the time of the emperor Claudius. These large coins provided Nero's die-engravers with opportunities to develop not only fine portraits for the obverses but also very detailed reverses designed to remind people of the emperor's good qualities and the services he provided to the people of Rome. The reverse of this sestertius commemorates the expansion of the Roman port of Ostia. The work was begun by Claudius in 42 CE, in order to provide year-round deliveries of grain. The harbor was dedicated in 54 CE, but ten years later Nero made it part of an ambitious plan to connect Lake Avernus to Ostia with a 125-mile long canal, a project never completed. The port itself is depicted with a wealth of detail, not all of which is legible on this coin. The porticoes of the pier on the left probably represent the warehouses and offices through which the city's imported grain supply passed. The slips on the right may represent the docking area. In the harbor large and small ships come and go under the watchful eyes of the statue of Neptune, god of the sea, and a personification of the river Tiber. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 180. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.141 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, August 12, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, port, Ostia, lighthouse, statue, Neptune, scepter, Tiber, personification, rudder, dolphin, pier, slips, ships Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 26.40 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/c6edbe518916b6859129f26c0c8818d2.jpg 6f7b7c544bf47e683b537c5e868a345d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 66-68 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Nero to right; IMP(ERATOR) NERO CLAVD(IVS) CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GER(MANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Imperator Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, father of the country. Reverse: Roma, helmeted and in military dress, seated left on cuirass, holding Victoria in right and resting left on parazonium; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; in exergue, ROMA: Rome. Style/Period: Roman Empire In July 64 CE much of the city of Rome was destroyed by a fire that burned for days. Although Nero was widely blamed for the fire (it was known that he wanted to clear a large part of the city for a new palace), he took it upon himself to rebuild both the public and private sectors of the city. He cared for the refugees and replaced the old shacks and tenements with insulae, apartment blocks constructed of concrete faced with brick, of limited height and situated on a grid plan of widely-spaced streets, which eased the overcrowded conditions and made the housing safer and more easily accessible to fire brigades. The reverse of this sestertius celebrates the rebirth of the city. Roma, the personification of the city of Rome who was worshiped as a goddess, wears a short tunic, with her right breast bared in the manner of an Amazon, and armor, including a parazonium or short sword worn at the waist. As a symbol of the city's triumph she holds Victoria in her extended right hand. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 329. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.139 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, March 10, 1961. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, Roma, helmet, cuirass, Victoria, parazonium Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 26.50 g.