1 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f36e233cdcc1535b1ad42b025d887892.jpg 5c4b7863cb9172d19150163f07bdc8e8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander III, Macedon (Macedonia) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 332-323 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Herakles in lionskin cap facing right Reverse: Zeus enthroned facing left, holding eagle in right hand and scepter in left hand; rose in left field; ΔΙ - Ο beneath throne; ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ: of Alexander. Style/Period: Hellenistic Alexander the Great of Macedonia inherited his father's dream of conquering the Persian empire. Soon after his father's assassination in 336 BCE, Alexander led Greek and Macedonian forces into Asia Minor, sweeping down the coast and liberating its Greek cities from the Persians. He occupied Syria and Phoenicia and was accepted as pharaoh of Egypt. There he founded the important city of Alexandria and visited the oracle of Zeus Ammon, where he was recognized as a son of Zeus. He then turned eastward toward Mesopotamia, where he defeated the main army of the Persians. Finally, he pushed further eastward, beyond the Indus River, where in 327 BCE his exhausted troops forced him to turn back. On the return Alexander began to secure and organize his far-flung empire, but in the summer of 323 BCE he died of fever in Babylonia. Alexander reformed Macedonian coinage, instituting types that would be circulated throughout his empire long after his death. The most important were the types on his tetradrachms, which soon replaced the Athenian "owls" (see 91.069) as the most widely circulated coins of antiquity. On the obverse is the head of Herakles, reference to his family's claim of descent from the hero. Alexander was particularly devoted to Herakles and in time came to be identified with him. Whether the features of Herakles on the coins were subtly altered to those of Alexander in his lifetime is uncertain, but after his death the image was widely regarded as a portrait of Alexander. His father's use of the head of Zeus on his staters may have inspired Alexander to put a full figure of Zeus on the reverse, but the god acquired particular significance for him after the visit to the oracle. Greeks recognized the figure as their chief god, but to the inhabitants of Persian lands it could also represent their god Baal, also depicted enthroned with an eagle and scepter. The hundreds of small symbols and letters on the coins of Alexander and his successors are probably control marks of particular issues, apparently a system to safeguard the production of the coins. The marks on this coin indicate that it was struck at Memphis during Alexander's lifetime. -- Kristen L. Ratwik Lamppa, LU '93 Bibliography: M.J. Price, The Coinage in the Name of Alexander and Philip Arrhidaeus (Zurich and London 1991) 498 no. 397, pl. CXIV. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.053 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Bank Leu, 1971. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Herakles, lion skin cap, Zeus, eagle, scepter, Alexander III, Macedon (Macedonia) Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Alexander III, Macedon (Macedonia), 17.21 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7f123e4db0691670ee187aaabdff3b30.jpg 8cb3892bb8adbecdd897f3d4290422ca Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Croton (Kroton), Bruttium, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 350 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Apollo facing to right; ΚΡΟΤΩΝΙΑΤΑΣ:Krotoniate Reverse: Baby Herakles seated on ground facing to left, strangling two snakes. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) There are two accounts, one historical and one legendary, of the foundation of Kroton, a prosperous city in southern Italy (see 91.108). The city was founded by the Achaeans on instructions from the oracle of Apollo at Delphi in the late eighth century, but according to legend the city was settled by the hero Herakles. The types on this coin refer to both traditions. On the obverse is the head of Apollo. On the reverse is the baby Herakles, strangling the snakes that the goddess Hera had sent to kill him. Hera plagued Herakles all his life because he had been fathered by her consort, Zeus, with the beautiful princess Alkmene. The image is on the coins of Kroton often interpreted as a symbol of the struggles between Greeks and barbarians in the area. Little is known of the history of Kroton in this period. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 16-Aug-1990. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Apollo, infant, Herakles, snake, Croton, Kroton, Bruttium, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Stater of Croton (Kroton), Bruttium, Italy, 7.62 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/14482a2206aa3c96a50eea1b26227a2e.jpg bc1c666bcbf3a0dcde165bf1e6681ec0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John I Tzimisces Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 969-976 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Christ with cross-nimbus, with right hand raised in blessing, left hand holding book; IhS(VS) X(P)I(STO)S REX REGNANTIVM: Jesus Christ, King of those who rule. Reverse: Facing busts of John on on left, wearing loros and crown with cross and holding patriarchal cross in left hand, and haloed Virgin on right, crowning John with right hand; Manus Dei above John's head, ΜΘ above head of Virgin; ΘΕΟΤΟC(Ε) ΡΟΗΘ(ΕΙ) ΙΩ(ΑΒΒHI) ΔΕΣ(ΠΟΤΗΙ): Mother of God, help the emperor John. Style/Period: Byzantine The brilliant general John Tzimisces gained the throne by murdering his predecessor, Nicephorus, with the help of Nicephorus' wife, who had become John's mistress and whom he was forced by the Church to send into exile as penance before he could be crowned. He was, however, a great emperor who in his short reign of only six years brought Bulgaria under Byzantine control, made peace with the western empire, and enlarged upon earlier Byzantine conquests in the Near East. The obverse of John's coins depicts the Christ Pantokrator of his predecessors' coins (see 91.288, 91.289), but the reverse introduces a new type. Nicephorus had first depicted himself with the Virgin on his reverses, but on John's coins she actively crowns the emperor. According to the conventions of Byzantine coinage, the Virgin should occupy the most important position on the left, as she does on Nicephorus' coins, but since she must crown the emperor with her right hand, on John's coins she has been moved to the right. Above John's head is the Manus Dei, the hand of God, which indicates that John's imperial authority is derived from God. This coin is a "tetarteron" or "quarter," a coin of lower weight than the solidus, which was introduced during the reign of Nicephorus (see 91.289). -- Eric N. Jurgens, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.290 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Christ, cross-nimbus, book, John, loros, crown, cross, Virgin, Mary, John I Tzimisces Title A name given to the resource Gold Tetarteron of John I Tzimisces, 4.06 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/9594b635e1fa3f19ed32f7820dfc4d46.jpg 7f9fc7b244a054c11fff2a74a3477c3c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leontini (Leontinoi), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 440-430 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Apollo facing left, with hair hanging straight and wearing olive wreath with three rows of leaves. Reverse: Lion's head facing left, surrounded by four grains of barley; ΛΕΟΝΤΙΝΟΝ: of the Leontines. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) The head of Leontinoi's patron god Apollo on the obverse and his symbol the lion's head on the reverse indicate that this coin comes from the period of Leontinoi's independence between 466 and 422 BCE. The barley grains surrounding the lion's head refer to the agricultural prosperity of the town. Although the obverse and reverse types of Leontinoi's coins remained constant throughout this period, stylistic changes in the types permit more precise dating. A comparison of this coin with a tetradrachm of c. 460 BCE (see 91.025) demonstrates that the facial features of both the Apollo and the lion are more naturalistic and finer in detail, indications of a date later in the Classical period, c. 440-430 BCE. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: G. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia, 2 vols. (Rome 1946), pl. 24.4; C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 211-212. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.026 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Bank Leu, 1985 Subject The topic of the resource Greek, god, Apollo, wreath, leaves, lion, barley, grain, Leontini, Leontinoi, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Leontini (Leontinoi), Sicily, Italy, 17.18 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/a8a353f201c77ae1809f2cf8a6f4b5c6.jpg 55901ded9567e413d45e867fef34e8b1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Scione (Skione), Macedon, Greece Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 500-480 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Helmeted head of Protesilaos facing right; on crest-holder, ΠΡΟΤΕΣΙΛΑΣ retrograde: Protesilaos. Reverse: In incuse square, stern of ship; ΣΚΙΟ in corners: Skione abbreviated. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Skione was the chief town of Pallene, one of the three promontories of the Macedonian peninsula of Chalkidike. Like the other cities in the area, it was probably settled by Euboians, but its inhabitants believed that it was founded by one of the heroes of the Trojan War. The city is chiefly remembered for its resistance to Athens during the Peloponnesian War, after which the Athenians put the inhabitants to death. On the obverse is the head of Protesilaos, according to tradition the heroic founder of the city. He wears an Attic helmet with his name, only partly legible on this coin, inscribed backward on its crest-holder. The stern of a ship on the reverse probably also refers to the hero. He was the leader of warriors from several Thessalian towns who fought in the Trojan War. According to one tradition, he knew that the first man ashore would be killed and heroically became the first man to leap off his ship. He is best known for the stories about his wife's love and mourning for him. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 134. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.002 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 16-Feb-1993. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, helmet, Protesilaos, ship, Scione, Skione, Macedon, Greece Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Scione (Skione), Macedon, Greece, 16.20 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/9dbfbcacfd93f6ddda62aed5c6f044db.jpg 0d320fdd264bcc93693357967d781c15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aenus (Ainos), Thrace, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 412-410 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Hermes wearing petasos facing right Reverse: In incuse, goat facing right; kerykeion in right field; ΑΙΝΙ: abbreviation for "of the Ainians." Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Ainos was a Greek colony on the northeastern coast of the Aegean. Its location on the mouth of the river Hebros made it an important shipping center for agricultural exports from the interior of Thrace. Though not the first in eastern Thrace, its mint dominated regional coinage soon after its first issues c. 475 BCE. From the beginning its die-cutters rejected the usual animal types used by most mints of the area and instead used a series of beautiful heads of the chief god of Ainos, Hermes, as its obverse type. Hermes, the messenger god and patron of merchants and herdsmen, was probably worshiped at Ainos from early times. According to legend, a wooden statue of the god washed ashore at the mouth of the Hebros, where local fishermen caught it in their nets. They failed to recognize it and threw it back into the sea, only to catch it again. The statue was finally set up in a sanctuary, and an oracle of Apollo told Ainos to worship it along with the local gods. An armless and legless image on the reverse of some coins of Ainos is probably meant to represent the primitive statue. As the god of the marketplace and commerce, Hermes is also appropriate to Ainos. On this coin he wears his characteristic petasos or broad-rimmed hat. The reverse depicts a goat, reference to Hermes' role as the divine herdsman. In front of it is a kerykeion, Hermes' heraldic staff, one of a number of symbols on the reverses which changed with each issue. --Peter A. Martens, LU '96 Bibliography: J.M.F. May, Ainos, its history and coinage (Oxford 1950). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.044 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. From Edward Gans Mail Bid Sale no. 16, April 29, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, god, Hermes, petasos, goat, kerykeion, Aenus, Ainos, Thrace, Turkey Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Aenus (Ainos), Thrace, Turkey, 16.44 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f4846dfb5a83814814646baf3324d27b.jpg c47d72bd8b1b82063668f6d025060c9c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aenus (Ainos), Thrace, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 380 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing head of Hermes wearing petasos. Reverse: In incuse, goat facing right.; astragalos below; amphora in right field; AINION: of the Ainians. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) In the first half of the fourth century BCE, the coins of Ainos retain the types established in the fifth century, the head of Hermes on the obverse and his symbol the goat on the reverse, but the head of Hermes is now almost facing rather than profile (see 91.044). The immediate inspiration for the change was probably the near-facing head of Apollo on the coins of Amphipolis (see 93.008), a type introduced in the late fifth century, but the Amphipolitan type must have been inspired by the famous facing Arethusa of Kimon (see 93.007), which shortly before appeared on the coins of Syracuse and which influenced die-cutters all over the Greek world (see 91.018, 91.064, 91.085, 91.088, 93.006, 93.008, 93.009). Some changes were introduced to the reverses as well. The reverse as a whole is still incuse, but no longer framed by the square of the earlier coins. The goat is now accompanied by the complete name of the town and by multiple symbols in the field, which signal a change of issue. The symbols in this case are a pointed amphora or two-handled pot and an astragalos, a rectangular knucklebone often used as a die or gaming piece. --Peter A. Martens, LU '96 Bibliography: J.M.F. May, Ainos, its history and coinage (Oxford 1950). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.045 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bank Leu, 1982. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, god, Hermes, petasos, goat, astragalos, amphora, Aenus, Ainos, Thrace, Turkey Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Aenus (Ainos), Thrace, Turkey, 15.87 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b321f5a625398ffedad1eb57c3265763.jpg 7d9882a6cc56d67bc4a71abd14a812d8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aenus (Ainos), Thrace, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 467-465 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Hermes wearing petasos, to right. Reverse: Goat in incuse square; ΑΙΝΙ: of Ainos; in right field, kantharos. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) In mythology, Aeneus, son of the god Apollo and the nymph Stilbe, founded the Thracian city of Ainos. According to Kallimachos (Kallimachos, Diegesis, 7-8), the great carpenter Epeios, before constructing the Trojan horse, fashioned a statue of Hermes that was lost at sea and brought by the river god Scamander to Ainos. Some fishermen caught the statue and tried to use it for firewood but were unable to cut it or burn it. The fishermen then threw it back into the sea only to catch it again. Now realizing that the statue was divine, the fishermen built a shrine for it. Later, Apollo gave a sign that the statue should be brought into the city. It is for this reason that Hermes Perpheraios (Περφεραῖος possibly referring to a ritual called a περιφέρειν: meaning to carry around) became the patron deity of the city. On the obverse of the coin is the profile head of Hermes wearing his characteristic petasos. The reverse is stamped with an incuse square containing a goat, which is a symbol of Hermes as the divine herdsman, and, at the bottom right, a kantharos, one of many different symbols that accompany the goat on these coins (see also 91.045, a later coin of Ainos with variations of these images). Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: J. M. F. May, Ainos, its history and coinage, 474-341 B.C. (Oxford 1950), 30-31, 272-274, pl. 1, no. 14. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.082 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Hermes, petasos, goat, Aenus, Ainos, Thrace, Turkey Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Ainos (Aenus), 16.09 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/2fef64dcd8f7604636f5419b02bc690f.jpg e6915c5df763813eeb2b75904cf64837 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agrigentum (Akragas), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 413-406 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Racing quadriga to left driven by Nike; tablet above inscribed ΑΚΡΑΓΑΝΤΙΝΟΝ: of the Akragantines; club in exergue. Reverse: Two eagles devouring a hare facing right. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Akragas, modern Agrigento, was founded c. 580 BCE by settlers from the Rhodian colony of Gela. It was one of the wealthiest cities of Sicily, prospering from its agricultural exports to Carthage. It reached its period of greatest influence under the tyrant Theron, 488-472 BCE, whose building program included a colossal Temple of Olympian Zeus. The city was destroyed by Carthage in 406 BCE. The eagle, attribute of Zeus, was the most frequent Akragantine coin type. It appeared as a simple standing bird on the obverse of the city's coins until the late fifth century, when under the influence of the coins of Syracuse it was displaced by a victorious quadriga (see 91.032, 91.033, 93.005, 93.007). On the reverses of these coins the tame standing bird of earlier issues was replaced by two mighty eagles devouring a hare. Both eagles stand on their prey, one with spread wings about to pick at the animal, the other raising its head to swallow or scream. The quadriga on the obverse may originally have referred to an Olympic victory, but it was used for several years. Like its Syracusan model, it is a fast-moving quadriga with spirited horses throwing their heads into the air; one die shows a broken rein trailing on the ground. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.T. Seltman, "The engravers of the Akragantine decadrachms," Numismatic Chronicle 1948, 1-10. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.010 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 29 Aug 1989. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, quadriga, horse, Nike, eagle, hare, Agrigentum, Akragas, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Agrigentum (Akragas), Sicily, Italy, 17.42 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7599a4669d4d235bef5f45a5348dd731.jpg a972d1bdd747f6af6cfe9f91f7c5638f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agrigentum (Akragas), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 420-415 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Eagle with spread wings standing on supine hare and devouring it; below, cockle shell. ΑΚΡΑΓ ΑΝΤΙΝ Ο Ν: of Akragas. Reverse: Crab and broad sea fish with open mouth and spines along its back; on either side of crab, cockle shell and conch. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) Beginning with the early coins of Akragas, the typical obverse type depicted an eagle, a symbol of Olympian Zeus, who was an important deity in Akragas. Later, a type depicting two eagles feasting on a hare became popular (see coins 93.010, 2001.080) and may have originated as a tribute to the Greek playwright Aeschylus, who had died in 456 BCE in the nearby city of Gela; Akragas had been founded in c. 580 BCE as a colony of Gela. In Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, Zeus sends a sign of two eagles devouring a pregnant hare to Agamemnon. An augur interpreted this sign to mean that the brothers Agamemnon and Menelaus would sack Troy (Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 109ff). Strangely, the artist decided to depict only one eagle on the coin, seemingly mixing the earlier type with the imagery that had become more common when this coin was issued. On the reverse, the die-engraver depicted a crab in the middle, flanked by a cockle shell on the left and a conch on the right. The crab was probably a type found in the local river or the sea and became a symbol of Akragas. Below the crab is a large fish, which has been identified as a mero or cernia, species found in the area. Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum II: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 11, no. 59; F. E. Zeuner, “Fish on Ancient Coins,” The Numismatic Circular 71, 1963, 142-143; C. M. Kraay, Greek Coins (New York 1966), 296, no. 173, pl. 60; K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1976) 46-47; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 226, pl. 46, no. 793; N. K. Rutter, The Greek Coinages of Southern Italy and Sicily (London 1997) 149, fig. 162. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.079 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, eagle, hare, barleycorn, scallop shell, crab, broad sea fish, conch, Agrigentum, Akragas, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Akragas, 17.12 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/fe9d2553b2e8a113d65363549e043461.jpg 77a670b987c9976af520a2bb5577adfb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agrigentum (Akragas), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 412-406 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Quadriga driven to left by Nike holding reins in both hands and a goad in left hand; above, vine-branch with leaves and fruit. Exergue very abraded but perhaps originally ΑΚΡΑΓΑΝΤΙ/ΝΟΝ (Rizzo, pl. 2, no. 10; Seltman pl. 3, H). Reverse: Two eagles devouring supine hare lying on rocks; farthest eagle has spread wings and is about to tear the prey; nearest has closed wings and raises its head and screams. In right field, locust. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) Beginning with the early coins of Akragas, the typical obverse image was an eagle, a symbol of Olympian Zeus, who was an important deity in Akragas. Sometime between 420 and 415, the single eagle was replaced by two eagles standing on and devouring a hare. The type depicting two eagles feasting on a hare may have originated as a tribute to the Greek playwright Aeschylus, who had died in 456 BCE in the nearby city of Gela; Akragas had been founded in c. 580 BCE as a colony of Gela. In Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, Zeus sends a sign of two eagles devouring a pregnant hare to Agamemnon. An augur interpreted this sign to mean that the brothers Agamemnon and Menelaus would sack Troy (Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 109ff). Beginning c. 413 and continuing until its destruction by Carthage in 406, Akragas, probably in imitation of the coins of Syracuse, adopted a racing quadriga for its obverse type, and the eagles were moved to the reverse. The quadriga may also refer to the chariot victory of the Akragantine Exainetos in the 92nd Olympiad, 412 BCE (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 13.34.1; 13.82.7). Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: G. E. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia (Rome 1946) 90, no. 10, pl. 2; C. T. Seltman, “The Engravers of the Akragantine Decadrachms,” Numismatic Chronicle 8 (1948) 1-10, no. 11, pl. II, H; K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1976) 46-49; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 226-227; N. K. Rutter, The Greek Coinages of Southern Italy and Sicily (London 1997) 149. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.080 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, eagle, hare, rocks, quadriga, horse, Nike, vine, leaves, fruit, Agrigentum, Akragas, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Akragas, 16.15 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/5ccecd92ac754012026b54a8d013d67f.jpg 7ca8ccb442928cae639ff0de96f9a141 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agrigentum (Akragas), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 415 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Two eagles standing on supine hare, the farther with spread wings, about to tear the hare, the nearer with closed wings, raising its head and screaming. Α ΚΡΑΓ. Reverse: Crab and Scylla, her right hand raised, her left arm trailing. ΑΚΡΑ ΓΑ ΝΤΙΝ ΟΝ. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Beginning with the early coins of Akragas, the typical obverse image depicted an eagle, a symbol of Olympian Zeus, who was an important deity in Akragas. Sometime between 420 and 415, the single eagle was replaced by two eagles standing on and devouring a hare. The type depicting two eagles feasting on a hare may have originated as a tribute to the Greek playwright Aeschylus, who had died in 456 B.C.E in the nearby city of Gela; Akragas had been founded in c. 580 B.C.E. as a colony of Gela. In Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, Zeus sends a sign of two eagles devouring a pregnant hare to Agamemnon. An augur interpreted this sign to mean that the brothers Agamemnon and Menelaus would sack Troy (Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 109ff). The crab on the reverse is a symbol of the city of Akragas. Beneath it is Scylla, the mythological monster who terrorized Odysseus and his men on their journey home from Troy. Scylla was once a beautiful Naiad who was transformed into the terrifying creature shown on the coin, with a female head and torso, a serpent tail, and the foreparts of two dogs. Scylla, along with the whirlpool-monster Charybdis, was believed to have resided in the Strait of Messina, a hazardous passageway between Sicily and Italy. It has been suggested that her presence on these coins may refer to the Syracusan victory over the invading Athenian army during the infamous Sicilian expedition of 415-413 BCE. Akragas, however, seems to have remained relatively neutral during the Sicilian Expedition, so perhaps Scylla is simply meant to signify Akragas’ naval and economic power during this period, which rivaled that of Syracuse. Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: G.E. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia (Rome 1946) 92, pl. 4, no. 1; A Catalogue of the Greek coins in the British Museum II: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 12, no. 61; C. M. Kraay, Greek Coins (New York 1966) 296, no. 175, pl. 60; K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1976) 46-47; N .K. Rutter, The Greek Coinages of Southern Italy and Sicily (London 1997) 149. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.081 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, eagle, hare, crab, skylla, Agrigentum, Akragas, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Akragas, 16.97 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/60e077bf9d14f97d446602e3ae21449c.jpg e467a3b43d5e95e2f320c1927e69f787 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander III, Macedon (Macedonia) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 323-317 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Herakles in lionskin cap facing right. Reverse: Zeus enthroned facing left, holding eagle in right hand and scepter in left hand; flying Nike with wreath in left field; monogram beneath throne; in exergue, Σ; ΒΑΣΙΛ[ΕΩΣ Α]ΑΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ: of King Alexander. Style/Period: Hellenistic The new silver tetradrachms of Alexander the Great were issued on the authoritative Attic weight standard, and they soon replaced the Athenian "owl" tetradrachms (see 91.069) as the most widely circulated coins in the ancient world. When Alexander died in 323 BCE, his empire was divided among his generals and associates, who for many years fought among themselves to maintain and extend their respective kingdoms. But Alexander's successors and the cities he conquered continued to issue coins in his name, undoubtedly because their connection with Alexander made them immediately recognizable as good money. These posthumous coins were issued side by side with the cities' own coins and with the coins issued in the names of Alexander's successors. The posthumous coins closely resembled Alexander's issues, but with minor stylistic changes and different symbols. This tetradrachm was issued in Tarsos, a strategic Hellenized city in Cilicia, which was captured by Alexander in 333 BCE Its marks include the Nike flying in the left field and the monogram beneath the throne on the reverse. The coin also illustrates an important feature of many of the posthumous issues: Alexander is given the title basileus or king. The title may have been used as early as 329 BCE, but it became common in the posthumous issues, following the tradition of Alexander's successors who soon put the title on their own coins (see 91.060, 91.046, 91089, 91.096). And although the head of Herakles on the obverse of these coins continues unchanged, there can be little doubt that the head was now regarded as a portrait of Alexander, since by this time his successors, following Persian practice, had adopted the tradition of putting their own images on their coins. -- Kristen L. Ratwik Lamppa, LU '93 Bibliography: M.J. Price, The Coinage in the Name of Alexander and Philip Arrhidaeus (Zurich and London 1991) 376 no. 304, pl. LXXXVI. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.051 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Münzen und Medaillen, 1971. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Herakles, lion skin cap, Zeus, eagle, scepter, Nike, wreath, Tarsos, Tarsus, Cilicia Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Tarsos (Tarsus), Cilicia, 17.17 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/4c540435d037a8cacfaa052720101770.jpg 8cb730d4a724a69b4afe8ca97e88d283 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander III, Macedon (Macedonia) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 336-323 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Herakles in a lion-skin cap. Reverse: Seated Zeus with scepter in left hand and eagle in right hand. To right, ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ (Alexandrou): of Alexander. To left, mint monogram ΑΡ. Style/Period: Hellenistic This was the first coin Alexander minted after the death of his father, Philip II. The obverse displays Herakles, the fabled ancestor of the Macedonian royal family, in a lion-skin cap, which refers to the first of his labors, the killing of the Nemean lion. The reverse depicts Zeus with a scepter in his left hand, signifying his divine right to rule, and his attribute an eagle in his right hand. The symbol on the reverse, a combined A and P, is the mark of the place that minted it, which was Aradus, in Phoenicia. This was one of the first Macedonian coins to be minted in the Attic standard, the standard of Athens, rather than the Persic standard; Alexander’s adoption of the Attic standard caused Athenian coins to spread far and wide. Alexander's choice of Herakles as the obverse image not only referred to his mythological ancestor, but it also helped his reputation in the eyes of the Greeks, as the image was recognizable and acceptable to them. However, after the death of Alexander in 323 BCE, the image was frequently referred to as Alexander instead of Herakles. - Jessica L. Hoyer, LU '17 Bibliography: B. V. Head, Historia Numorum (Chicago reprint 1967) 225, 788-789; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley 1976) 77; O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage: from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.), eds. P. Grierson and U. Westermark (Cambridge 1991) 27, 43, figs. 9, 10. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.052 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, January 21, 1971. Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Alexander III, Macedon (Macedonia), 17.17 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e2f2f4348f61d61c326a3715f997deda.jpg a565a87f8e618b1746f20aaa077d69f9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Amphipolis, Macedon, Greece Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 356-355 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Three-quarter facing head of Apollo wearing laurel wreath. Reverse: Race torch in square, border inscribed ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ: of the Amphipolitans. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Amphipolis, a strategic city on the river Strymon in the Chalkidike, was important for its access to the gold and silver mines and timber of Mt. Pangaion. The city was founded by Athens in 437 BCE and did not issue coins while it was under Athenian control. In the Peloponnesian War, however, the Spartan general Brasidas took the city from Athens and from shortly afterward until the city was taken by Philip of Macedon in 357 BCE it issued its own coins, of which the most well known are its beautiful tetradrachms. The obverse depicts the nearly facing head of Apollo, undoubtedly inspired by the facing heads of Kimon on Syracusan coins of the period (see 93.007). The Amphipolitan head, however, with its very full face and extremely thick hair, differs significantly from the Syracusan versions and was probably the work of local die-cutters. The race-torch on the reverse refers to the local cult of Artemis Tauropolis or Brauronia, in whose honor torch races, the Lampadephoria, were held. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 151-152. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.008 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 07-Apr-1990. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Apollo, laurel wreath, torch, Amphipolis, Macedon, Greece Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm Amphipolis, Macedon, Greece, 14.43 g.