9 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/d7565015d21c9757edc8bf6d5181c6cc.jpg c69472ecb27f51ac91c25fb128041428 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Licinius I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 321-322 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing draped and cuirassed bust of Licinius I; LICINIVS AVG(VSTVS) OB D(IEM) V (quinquennalium) FILII SVI: Licinius Augustus on the day of the quinquennalia of his son. Reverse: Jupiter seated facing on throne, holding Victoria on globe in right hand, scepter in left; eagle with wreath on throne platform; platform inscribed in two lines SIC X/SIC XX: thus ten, thus twenty; IOVI CONS(ERVATORI) LICINI AVG(VSTI): to Jove the Protector of Licinius Augustus; in exergue, SMANE: mint mark of Antioch. Style/Period: Roman Empire After the breakdown of the tetrarchic system (see 91.236), Licinius, a commoner from Dacia, emerged along with Constantine (see no. 128) as co-emperors. The two former allies eventually became rivals and in 324 CE, in the second of their wars, Licinius was defeated and exiled; Constantine initially spared his life but had him executed in 325 CE. Licinius' son, Licinius II, was given the rank of Caesar as a child in 317 CE. He was exiled with his father and in 335 CE condemned to slavery. This coin of Licinius I celebrates the quinquennalia or fifth anniversary of Licinius II as Caesar in 321-22 CE. On the obverse is an extraordinary facing portrait of the senior Licinius; the only earlier facing portraits of a Roman emperor occur on coins of Postumus. The head shows the stark simplification and flatness that were characteristic of most of the tetrarchic coin portraits. There may be some individualization in the round face and close-set features, but the general effect is abstract. The reverse is the same that Licinius I had used for his own decennalia or tenth anniversary in 317 CE. It depicts Jove the Protector, the patron god of Licinius, also facing. On the base of his throne are inscribed the vota or prayers for the tenth and the anticipated twentieth anniversaries that are carried over from the decennalia issue of Licinius I. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.M. Bruun, The Roman Imperial Coinage VII: Constantine and Licinius A.D. 313-337 (London 1966) 681 no. 32. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 23-Jun-1990. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Licinius I, Jupiter, throne, Victoria, globe, eagle, wreath, throne Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Licinius I, 5.25 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/df65ffb673e5883d1dbf23f1e89a0a96.jpg 7a20496c3128ffb384850f7d31463cd7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maximian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 294 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Maximian facing right; MAXIMIANVS AVG(VSTVS): Maximianus Augustus. Reverse: Tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod before arch in eight-turreted enclosure; VIRTVS MILITVM: the valour of the army. Style/Period: Roman Empire When Diocletian was proclaimed emperor in 284 CE, he put Maximian in charge of the West and quickly elevated him first to the rank of Caesar and then to Augustus. Maximian dealt with German invasions and rebellion in Gaul while Diocletian remained in the East to fight the Persians. In 293 CE Diocletian put into effect his plan to reorganize and stabilize the administration of the empire and to strengthen its frontiers by establishing the tetrarchy or rule of four, in which there were to be two senior emperors, the Augusti, and two junior colleagues, the Caesares, each of whom was assigned responsibility for one area of the empire. Diocletian and Maximian remained the Augusti, and Diocletian appointed Constantius and Galerius Caesares. The next year he introduced major financial reforms, including important changes in the coinage, one of which was the introduction of a fine silver coin called the argenteus. This coin is a typical example of the new denomination. Most of the types on the argentei are military, designed to appeal to the troops that were paid with the coins. The obverse portrait of Maximian is the typical military type with short hair and beard; the type on Diocletian's coins is virtually identical, the similarity probably a means of expressing the concord and unity of the tetrarchs. The same idea is conveyed by the reverse, on which the four rulers sacrifice together before a gateway fortified with towers. -- Benjamin Hayes, LU '93 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage VI: from Diocletian's reform (A.D. 294) to the death of Maximianus (A.D. 313) (London 1967) Siscia 32b. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.236 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Fred Knobloch, Jan. 1968 Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Maximian, Tetrarchs, scrifice, tripod, arch Title A name given to the resource Silver Argenteus of Maximian, 2.79 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/6b1ce1cd9c41c72e4ccef686163819f6.jpg b4f311e85c4a80df8cda971052e5842d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carinus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 283-285 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed and draped bust of Magnia Urbica facing right; MAGNIA VRBICA AVG(VSTA): Magnia Urbica Augusta. Reverse: Venus standing facing right, holding apple in left hand, lifting mantle from shoulder with right hand; VENERI VICTRICI: to Venus Victrix. Style/Period: Roman Empire If little is known of the short-lived soldier-emperors of the third century, even less is known of their wives. In some cases not even their names are known, and in others the coinage of their husbands provides the only record of their existence. Magnia Urbica, wife of Carinus (see 91.233), who ruled from 283 CE to 285 CE, is known only from coins, which tell us that she had received the title Augusta. If her portrait actually records her features, she was young (Carinus was in his early thirties when he became emperor) and beautiful. She wears an elaborate hairstyle characteristic of the period, with her hair softly waved backward, then braided, with the braid pinned on the top of her head by her diadem. The reverse depicts Venus Victrix holding the apple which she won in the Judgment of Paris. Venus had been associated with Augustae since the first Augustus claimed descent from her, and Venus in the form of Victrix was especially appropriate for a fair young empress (see 91.183). -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.H. Webb, The Roman Imperial Coinage V.2 (London 1933) 340. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 16-Aug-1990. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, diadem, Magnia Ubrica, Venus, apple, mantle, Carinus Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Carinus, 5.38 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3e5fd33972d9946830b8687e881f6f19.jpg 6fb9f82fedcbb27c6b49a580bc926039 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carinus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 284 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate and cuirassed bust of Carinus facing right; IMP(ERATOR) CARINVS P(IVS) F(ELIX) AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Carinus, pious, fortunate Augustus. Reverse: Nude Hercules standing facing right, leaning on club; VIRTVS AVG(VSTI): Virtus of the Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius Carinus, son of the emperor Carus, was made Caesar shortly after his father's accession in 282 CE, at about the age of thirty-three. He was put in charge of the troops in the West while his father went to the East on a campaign against the Persians. In 283 CE he and his brother, Numerian, were elevated to the rank of Augustus, and shortly afterward their father was killed, reportedly struck by lightning. When Numerian was murdered on the way back from Persia in 284 CE, Carinus became sole emperor. Meanwhile, Diocletian had been proclaimed emperor by his troops, and he marched against Carinus. They met in a battle at Margus in Moesia, which was won by Carinus, but he was murdered on the battlefield by one of his men whose wife he had seduced. The portrait of Carinus on the obverse of this aureus reverts to the standard military type of the third-century emperors, with very short hair and beard, but like the portraits of Postumus (see 91.227) and Probus (see 91.232), it also depicts an elaborate cuirass. The reverse, celebrating the Virtus of the emperor, depicts Hercules with his most common attributes, the club and lionskin. These refer to one of his twelve labors, in which he killed the lion that the goddess Juno had sent to destroy him. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.H. Webb, The Roman Imperial Coinage V.2 (London 1933) 233. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.233 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, November 4, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, cuirass, Cariuns, Hercules, club Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Carinus, 4.52 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b7268b033b213f44b01add88dd30e447.jpg 24e4e3f5ca88bd9c9e1f7634cb9ab2f2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Probus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 282 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Probus facing left, holding lance in right hand and on left arm decorated shield; IMP(ERATOR) PROBVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Probus Augustus. Reverse: Draped and radiate bust of Sol facing right; SOLI INVICTO COMITI AVG(VSTI): to the Invincible Sun, companion of Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius Probus was the son of a soldier and commander in the East when the emperor Tacitus was killed in a mutiny. His troops proclaimed him emperor, and he immediately set about restoring order. For much of his reign Probus traveled back and forth, successfully putting down revolts at the frontiers of the empire. He celebrated a great triumph in Rome in 282 CE, which this coin perhaps commemorates. In the same year he was on a campaign against the Persians when the revolt of his praetorian prefect, Carus, encouraged his troops to kill him. The gold coins of Probus feature elaborate portraits of the emperor in full military dress, emphasizing his success as a commander. On the obverse of this aureus, in addition to the decorated cuirass and helmet, he holds a shield with a relief representing the emperor on horseback pursuing an enemy. On the reverse is a bust of the sun god, Sol, wearing his usual radiate crown. Sol had become increasingly important since Septimius Severus had brought the cult of Sol Invictus, the Invincible Sun, from the East, and he appears particularly as the companion and protector of the emperor. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.H. Webb, The Roman Imperial Coinage V.2 (London 1933) 138. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.232 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, June 8, 1978. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, helmet, curiass, Probus, lance, sheild, Sol Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Probus, 7.49 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/ed4e1195e4755b41d883bc664959c2cb.jpg 6426d18c644e24597785c72ebb225697 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Postumus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 264 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Cuirassed and helmeted bust of Postumus facing left; POSTVMVS AVG(VSTVS): Postumus Augustus. Reverse: Victoria standing right, left foot on rocks, writing VOT(A)/X on shield; QVINQVENNALES POSTVMI AVG(VSTI): quinquennalia of Postumus Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire When Gallienus' father and co-emperor, Valerian, was captured by the Persians at Edessa, the obscure Marcus Cassianus Latinius Postumus, in charge of a force on the Rhine, was acclaimed Augustus by his troops. His separatist empire included not only Gaul but also eventually Britain and northern Spain. He ruled there for eight years, waging constant wars against the Germans. His troops murdered him in 269 CE, when he captured Mainz and forbade them to plunder the city. Postumus employed excellent die-cutters, and they developed a series of fine, boldly individualized portraits. This aureus celebrates the fifth anniversary of his reign in 264 CE. Postumus, who identified himself with Hercules and who is described by his admiring biographer, Trebellius Pollio, as a dashing character, is shown with an elaborate crested helmet, his upturned nose giving him a somewhat foreign and impetuous look. The reverse depicts Victoria inscribing Vot(a) X on a shield, reference to vows anticipating a tenth anniversary of his reign. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.H. Webb, The Roman Imperial Coinage V.2 (London 1933) 35. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.227 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Bank Leu, May 26, 1988. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Postumus, Victoria, shield Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Postumus, 5.98 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/08f593018b973c89ddd1c9314ccaeebf.jpg adb1a5542342a83e3e4de4f9d5aa1933 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gallienus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 267 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Gallienus facing left, wearing wreath of reeds; GALLIENAE AVGVSTAE: Gallienus Augustus. Reverse: Victoria in biga facing right, holding whip in right hand; VBIQVE PAX: peace everywhere. Style/Period: Roman Empire Gallienus was first co-emperor with his father, Valerian. He was put in charge of the West and initially had success dealing with German tribes at the northern frontier of the empire. In 260 CE Valerian, who was fighting the Persians in the East, was captured by the Persians, and Gallienus began his sole reign amid chaos, with a series of revolts in several regions and the usurper Postumus in control of much of Germany (see 91.227). Within several years he had regained control of most of the troops but had not succeeded in dislodging Postumus when he was killed by conspirators. Gallienus' last major victory, over the Heruli in the Danube region in 266 CE, appeared so decisive that the emperor celebrated the victory with a depiction of Victoria and a declaration of universal peace on the reverse of this coin. The puzzling image and legend on the obverse have been variously interpreted. The grammatical form of the legend has been read as feminine and as a comment on the portrait itself, in which the emperor wears a wreath of reeds usually associated with nymphs. But such a construction seems highly unlikely on official coinage, and the most probable reading of the legend is that it is a form of the vocative, an acclamation, which would normally read Galliene. The distinctive portrait shows Gallienus with much fuller hair and beard than most of his immediate predecessors, apparently an allusion to past emperors such as Hadrian, whom he admired. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.H. Webb, The Roman Imperial Coinage V.1 (London 1927) 121; J.P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (London 1978) 315 no. 496. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.226 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased at Munzen and Medaillen auction, June 28, 1971. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Gallienus, wreath, Victoria, biga, whip Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Gallienus, 6.65 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/25209ec06b307d475b2d08a5c62bc1f1.jpg 696bcfbbdc5301d5f997954ebb4046ff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Trajan Decius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 249-251 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate and cuirassed bust of Trajan Decius facing right; IMP(ERATOR) C(AIVS) M(ESSIVS) Q(VINTVS) TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius Augustus. Reverse: Abundantia standing facing right, emptying cornucopia held in both hands; ABVNDANTIA AVG(VSTI): Abundance of the Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Gaius Messius Quintus Decius was born in Pannonia on the Danube and rose to high offices under the emperor Philip I. When the troops at the Danubian frontier revolted, Philip persuaded Decius to defend the border, and when he succeeded, his own troops proclaimed him emperor. He then marched on Italy and killed Philip in battle at Verona. He added the name Trajan, probably because of that emperor's original conquest of the Danubian area. He was called back to the area by a massive invasion of Goths, and he, his son, and a large part of his army were killed in battle there in 251 CE. Decius' portraits are among the most expressive of the period. He is depicted as a military man, with short, stippled hair and beard, but his face, with its deeply lined forehead and sunken eyes, conveys the strain and anxiety of the times. On the reverse, Abundantia, the personification of abundance, particularly of grain, pours grain from her cornucopia. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, and C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.3: Gordian III - Uranus Antoninus (London 1949) 10. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.222 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, July 9, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Trajan Decius, Abundantia, cornucopia Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Trajan Decius, 4.05 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/a8782f61f1a81b525e8fc9666445626f.jpg 792680fe008e71cb333dc1f8bb171f66 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Philip I (Philip the Arab) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 248 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Philip II facing right; IMP(ERATOR) CAES(AR) M(ARCVS) IVL(IVS) PHILIPPVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Caesar Marcus Iulius Philippus Augustus. Reverse: In a facing quadriga led by two soldiers, each with spear and shield, Philip I, holding branch and crowned by Victoria, and Philip II, with right hand extended; PONTIFEX MAX(IMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) V: pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the fifth time; in exergue, CO(N)S(VL) III P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): consul for the third time, father of the country. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Julius Philippus was born in the Roman province of Arabia and is thus often called Philip the Arab. In 243 CE he became praetorian prefect under the young emperor Gordian III, whom he murdered within a year. He made peace with the Persians, who had invaded Roman territory under Gordian, and set about building a dynasty on the model of the Antonines and Severans. He made his son, Philip, Caesar in 244 CE and, although he was still very young, shared the consulate with him and raised him to the rank of Augustus in 247 CE. Philip did not live to carry out his plans, however, because the troops at the Danube proclaimed a reluctant Decius emperor, and Philip died when Decius engaged him in battle at Verona in 249 CE. Philip II was killed at about the same time. In 245 CE the German Carpi attacked the frontier and engaged Philip's troops until 247 CE, when he returned in triumph to Rome. In a series of medallions in 247 CE and 248 he celebrated his great triumph, as well as the elevation of Philip II to Augustus that accompanied it. Father and son are crowned by Victoria in their triumphal chariot. Although the titles on the reverse belong to Philip I, the beardless bust on the obverse depicts Philip II. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: J.P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (London 1978) 311 no. 457 (similar reverse). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.221 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Bank Leu, 7/6/1985. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, quadriga, horse, soldiers, spear, shield, Philip I, Victoria, Philip II Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Medallion of Philip I (Philip the Arab), 51.29 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/0eaeaacdb39037efed3da0853b65addc.jpg 4a2ddf9e35ad3d0ae0c6e91723f3eb69 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gordian III Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 240 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Gordianus facing right; IMP(ERATOR) CAES(AR) GORDIANVS PIVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Caesar Gordianus, pious Augustus. Reverse: Liberalitas standing facing left, with tessera in right and cornucopia in left; LIBERALITAS AVG(VSTI) II: the second liberality of the Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire The year 238 CE was one of the most chaotic in Roman history, with five emperors coming to violent ends. The sixth Augustus of that year, Marcus Antonius Gordianus, came to the throne at the age of thirteen, after the deaths of his grandfather and uncle, Gordian I and II, and of the co-emperors who replaced them, Balbinus and Pupienus. Probably first led by his mother, then by the able praetorian prefect, Timesitheus, whose daughter he married in 241 CE, Gordian surprisingly remained in power for six years. His reign was marked by war on the northern frontier and in Africa and in the East by a Persian invasion. Gordian and Timesitheus went to meet the threat in the East and pushed on to Mesopotamia, where Timesitheus died suddenly. He was succeeded by his second in command, Philip, who soon murdered Gordian. | Gordian's coin portraits assume the short-haired military type typical of this period of soldier-emperors, but it does nothing to disguise the youthfulness of his beardless, unlined face. On the reverse, Liberalitas with her tessera and cornucopia refers to the largesse of Gordian's second liberality (see 91.171), the occasion for which is unknown. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, and C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.3: Gordian III to Uranus Antoninus (London 1949) 58. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.219 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Stack's, 1960. Ex Milton Holmes collection. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Gordian, Liberalitas, tessera, cornucopia Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Gordian III, 4.34 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/be3dcedd475b71bb39578bd2f8fad55f.jpg 8b21665d4595c4502bedc199e330af53 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elagabalus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 218-222 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus facing right; ANTONINVS PIVS FEL(IX) AVG(VSTVS): Antoninus Pius, fortunate Augustus. Reverse: Slow quadriga facing right, bearing conical stone of Emesa with eagle, surrounded by four parasols; SANCT(O) DEO SOLI, in exergue ELAGABAL(VS): to the sacred sun god, Elagabalus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Varius Avitus Bassianus was a great-nephew of Septimius Severus and the hereditary high priest of the sun god Elagabalus at Emesa in Syria. When Macrinus proved ineffectual, his troops were convinced to switch their allegience to the fifteen-year-old priest by his mother and grandmother, who claimed that he was the illegitimate son of Caracalla (see 91.201). They gave him the official name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the same name Caracalla took when his father claimed to be an Antonine, to legitimize his right to the throne. They escorted the new emperor to Rome, where his promotion of the strange rites of the cult of Elagabalus caused him to be known by the name of the god. He soon became notorious for extravagance and corruption and under the guise of his oriental cult engaged in such outrageous and licentious behavior that the public became disgusted. When he plotted against his cousin, Alexander Severus, whom his mother and the Senate had encouraged him to adopt and make Caesar, the army revolted and murdered Elagabalus and his mother. The god Elagabalus was worshipped at Emesa in the form of a conical black stone, which was brought to Rome with the new emperor and enshrined in a temple of the sun god Sol on the Palatine. Once a year the stone was carried through the streets of Rome in a quadriga with parasols, preceded by Elagabalus walking backward in reverence of it. The quadriga carrying the stone is depicted on the reverse of a number of his coins. -- Robin Emmanuel Bandy McNeill, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, and C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.2: Macrinus to Pupienus (London 1936) 195. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.210 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries auction, December 2, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Elagabalus, quadriga, stone of Emesa, eagle, parasol Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Elagabalus, 2.70 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/0cf2b278d92c8c6577f0c7ae605a371d.jpg f0072a21e0585714ce2bb56f90c27596 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Macrinus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 217 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Macrinus facing right; IMP(ERATOR) C(AESAR) M(ARCVS) OPEL(LIVS) SEV(ERVS) MACRINVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Augustus. Reverse: Fides standing facing with head facing right, right foot on helmet, standard in each hand; PONTIF(EX) MAX(IMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) CO(N)S(VL) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, consul, father of the country. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Opellius Macrinus came from North Africa and rose to the position of praetorian prefect under Caracalla. He was involved in the conspiracy to murder the emperor and was made emperor after it succeeded. He adopted the name Severus in order to legitimize his and his son's succession. His military campaigns were unsuccessful, with the result that he had to buy peace from the Parthians and provide a donative to keep his troops loyal, but in the end they deserted him in favor of Elagabalus, and he was captured and executed. Macrinus' coinage reveals apparent indecision about how the emperor should be portrayed, since some coins show him with the usual curly hair and long beard of the Antonine dynasty while others such as this aureus depict him as a military man in the mold of Caracalla, the second type probably an attempt to win the favor of his disaffected troops. The reverses of Macrinus' coins depict conventional types, but it may be that Fides, the personification of loyalty, here also appeals to his troops. Fides has numerous attributes, but the standards she holds in both hands here indicate that the loyalty in question is military. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, and C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.2: Macrinus to Pupienus (London 1938) 22. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.203 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought at Sotheby auction, November 10, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Macrinus, helmet, standards Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Macrinus, 6.32 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/61ccb0ed0dda77d65de3cf34c8a4ec68.jpg 8020fb24650bc3e898d0bc53e356ce17 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caracalla Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 215 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Antoninus facing right; ANTONINVS PIVS AVG(VSTVS) GERM(ANICVS): Antoninus Pius Augustus, conqueror of the Germans. Reverse: Serapis standing facing left wearing modius, scepter in left hand, right raised.; P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) XVIIII CO(N)S(VL) IIII P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the nineteenth time, consul for the fourth time, father of the country. Style/Period: Roman Empire Caracalla, so nicknamed by his troops for the Gallic cloak or caracallus that he wore, was born Julius Bassianus to Septimius Severus and Julia Domna in 188 CE. When his father claimed adoption by Marcus Aurelius in 195 CE, he changed his son's name to Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, which remained his official name. He was made Caesar in 196 CE and Augustus in 198 CE, the latter elevation coinciding with Severus' great victory over the Parthians (see 91.199). He ruled jointly with Severus until his death in 211 CE and then jointly with his brother, Geta, until he had him murdered in 212 CE. He fought a series of campaigns on the German frontier, where he acquired his nickname and took the title Germanicus, and in the East, where he aspired to be the new Alexander. The greatest monument to his reign are the opulent Baths of Caracalla in Rome, dedicated in 216 CE. Caracalla was popular with his troops, but his mental instability, his cruelty, and his hatred of the Senate resulted in a conspiracy, and he was murdered in 217 CE. Caracalla rejected the philosopher-like portraiture of the Antonines for the look of a military man. He is shown with short hair and a close-cropped beard, and in his later portraits a V-shaped furrow in his brow produces a scowl that reflects his cruel and violent nature. The type would serve as a model for the portraits of the soldier-emperors of the third century. Caracalla's father, Severus, had identified himself with the Egyptian god Serapis, probably primarily for his African associations, and Caracalla continued to honor his cult. His usual attribute is the modius, the Roman grain measure, which he wears as a headdress symbolizing his connections with fertility. -- Robin Emmanuel Bandy McNeill, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.1: Pertinax to Geta (London 1936) 280. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.201 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Bank Leu, 1974. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Caracalla, Serapis, modius, scepter Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Caracalla, 6.55 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/64ccc14caebefc9beb5f233ae8412a4a.jpg 0c1a5dee10d8b67e56301afd28ca276c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Septimius Severus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 196 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped bust of Julia Domna facing right; IVLIA AVGVSTA: Julia Augusta. Reverse: Diana Lucifera standing facing left, holding torch; DIANA LVCIFERA: Diana Lucifera. Style/Period: Roman Empire Julia Domna, the daughter of the high priest of the Sun at Emesa in Syria, married Septimius Severus in about 185 CE, while he was a governor in Gaul. Severus, a notoriously superstitious man, chose her on the basis of her horoscope, which predicted that she would marry a king. Julia Domna had two sons, Antoninus (Caracalla) and Geta, who would eventually attain the rank of Augustus, and two daughters. She was something of an intellectual who had philosophers among her circle at court. She also traveled with her husband on his campaigns and received unusual honors as empress. Like Faustina the Younger (see 91.181), she was given the title Mater Castrorum, Mother of the Camps. To this were added the unprecedented titles Mater Senatus and Mater Patriae, Mother of the Senate and Mother of the Country. After the death of Severus, Julia Domna continued to receive honors from her sons, and even after Antoninus had his younger brother murdered in her arms, she continued to support him, accompanying him on his last campaign to the East. After Antoninus was assassinated, she committed suicide in 217 CE. She was deified by her great-nephew, Elagabalus. Julia Domna's portraits are noted for her distinctive hairstyle, a mass of hair falling in waves from its central part, then caught in a braided bun at the back; the hair is so heavy and stiff that it is likely to have been a wig. On the reverse of this coin she is associated with Diana Lucifera, the moon goddess and bearer of light. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.1: Pertinax to Geta (London 1936) 548. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.200 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Bank Leu, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Julia Domna, Diana Lucifera, torch Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Septimius Severus, 7.12 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/9f41964c614918621c1a550e87fa34ba.jpg e3e4db4c157d5da367ef2f7ab5ead488 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Septimius Severus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 209 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Septimius Severus facing right; SEVERVS PIVS AVG(VSTVS): Severus Pius Augustus. Reverse: Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and Geta seated facing left on platform, officer behind; in front, Liberalitas; on steps, citizen; LIBERALITAS, in exergue, AVGG (AVGVSTORVM abbreviated) VI: sixth liberality of the Augusti. Style/Period: Roman Empire In 209 CE Septimius Severus finally elevated his second son, Geta, to the rank of Augustus (see 91.194), which provided the occasion for his sixth and last liberality or congiarium to the people of Rome. Geta served as co-emperor with Severus and his brother, Caracalla, until the death of Severus in 211 CE, and then very briefly as co-emperor with Caracalla until Caracalla murdered him in 212 CE. From the beginning of his reign, Severus had been particularly careful to cater to the Romans, not only with his lavish building program but also with liberalities, celebrations, and games. The reverse of this coin depicts not only Liberalitas, the personification of the liberality (see 91.171), but also the three Augusti themselves actively supervising the distribution of their gifts to the people. The obverse, with its Antonine-style portrait of Severus and the name Pius, adopted by Severus as a sign of his relationship to and reverence for Antoninus Pius, refers to Severus' dynastic pretensions of connection with the Antonine house. -- Robin Emmanuel Bandy McNeill, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Coinage of the Roman Empire IV.1: Pertinax to Geta (London 1936) 279. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.197 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Abner Kreisberg, Sept. 21, 1970. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Septimius Severus Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Septimius Severus, 7.16 g.