8 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/8454a397a5e1f6dec59d65b25a62d9d0.jpg ef03c41d2ae236631e532e783ec9ff30 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Commodus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 177-182 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped bust of Crispina facing right; CRISPINA AVGVSTA: Crispina Augusta. Reverse: Pudicitia standing facing left, veiled with right hand holding veil in front of face: PVDICITIA: Pudicitia. Style/Period: Roman Empire Bruttia Crispina was the daughter of a consul under Antoninus Pius. She married Commodus in 177 CE and was given the title Augusta. To judge from her coin portraits she was beautiful. She was accused of adultery, exiled to Capri, and executed. Lucilla, the sister of Commodus, met the same fate when she was accused of plotting against him. Little else is known of Crispina's life. The reverses of her coins depict the usual goddesses and personifications appropriate to the empress and to the celebration of the imperial marriage. On this coin Pudicitia, the personification of chastity and modesty, is characterized by the veil she pulls across her face. The portrait on the obverse depicts a beautiful young woman wearing her hair braided around the face and backward into a bun. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 285. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.189 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, 1976. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Crispina, Pudicitia, Commodus Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Commodus, 7.08 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b332a16435bfa6b82bc6e0bf49504d94.jpg 3ba32d058d88c786d6c043e6af621b99 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Didius Julianus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 193 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Didius Julianus facing right; IMP(ERATOR) CAES(AR) M(ARCVS) DID(IVS) IVLIAN(VS) AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Caesar Marcus Didius Julianus Augustus. Reverse: Fortuna standing facing left, holding rudder on globe in right hand, cornucopia in left; P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) CO(N)S(VL): Pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, consul. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Didius Severus Julianus was born to a prominent family in Milan, was consul with Pertinax in 174 or 175 CE, and governed Africa and a number of military provinces. When the emperor Pertinax was murdered by the praetorian guard, the very wealthy Julianus and the urban prefect (and father-in-law of Pertinax), Flavius Sulpicianus, literally conducted a bidding war for the empire, offering donatives to secure the support of the praetorians. Julianus won, promising 25,000 sestertii per man. Meanwhile, Septimius Severus, who on the death of Pertinax had been acclaimed emperor by his troops, marched on Rome, where the Senate abandoned and condemned Julianus. Julianus ruled for 66 days. The coins of Julianus ironically emphasize military concord and imperial good fortune. His portraits, known only from his coins, resemble those of Pertinax in type, but they lack the strength and resolve of his predecessor's. The reverse of this aureus depicts the goddess Fortuna, who determined the fate of the emperor and the empire. She holds her usual attributes, a rudder on a globe, which refers to her guidance of the world, and a cornucopia, symbol of the prosperity she brings. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.1: Pertinax to Geta (London 1936) 2. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.192 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Numismatic Fine Arts, 6-1-1989. Ex H.P. Hall collection; Jameson collection; Quelen collection. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Didius Julianus, Fortuna, rudder, globe, cornucopia Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Didius Julianus, 6.81 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/be93707aa6714a78f8390169417b6178.jpg 387156c0755ebebfef002543bb1cec49 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Septimius Severus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 200-201 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Septimius Severus facing right; SEVERVS AVG(VSTVS) PART(HICVS) MAX(IMVS): Severus Augustus, greatest conqueror of the Parthians. Reverse: Confronted draped and cuirassed busts of Antoninus facing left, laureate, and Geta facing right; AETERNIT(ATI) IMPERI(I): to the eternity of the empire. Style/Period: Roman Empire Lucius Septimius Severus was born in Leptis Magna in North Africa and emerged as sole emperor in the chaotic period after the murder of the emperor Pertinax, when several rivals for the throne engaged in civil war from 193 to 197 CE. Early in his reign, Severus annexed Mesopotamia and celebrated important victories over the Parthians, for which he received the title Parthicus Maximus (see no. 91.199). His victory over his rivals and his position on the throne assured, Severus concentrated upon building a dynasty on the Antonine model. He had himself declared the adopted son of Marcus Aurelius in 196 CE, changing the name of his elder son, Bassianus, to Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (he would later become known as Caracalla). The coins of the period depict members of the imperial family and announce plans for the succession, which it is hoped will result in the aeternitas imperii, the eternity of the empire. Severus' portrait on his earliest coins depicts him either in the types of the other contenders to the throne, probably because his official portrait type had not yet been established, or as a military officer with a furrowed brow and short beard. The type that follows his adoption into the Antonine family, however, takes on a family resemblance to the Antonines, particularly similarity to portraits of Marcus Aurelius, with curly hair and a longer beard. On the reverse are the emperor's two sons; the elder, Antoninus, on the left had been elevated to the rank of Augustus in 198 CE and is therefore distinguished by his laurel wreath from his brother, Geta, whose rank was Caesar. Geta would not be elevated to Augustus until 209 CE, and his delayed promotion no doubt contributed to the bitter enmity between the two brothers that led Antoninus to murder Geta shortly after the death of Severus. -- Robin Emmanuel Bandy McNeill, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.1: Pertinax to Geta (London 1936) 155. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.194 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased at Bank Leu auction, June 5, 1986. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Septimius Severus, cuirass, Antoninus, Geta Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Septimius Severus, 7.40 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/591bd1b5dc4b26bf54b37df4a119813f.jpg f9ab3ee65fe7e02071ace5f3084d9568 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Septimius Severus, Caracalla Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 204 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Jugate busts of Septimius Severus and Antoninus facing right, both laureate, draped, and cuirassed; IMPP (IMPERATORES abbreviated) INVICTI PII AVGG (AVGVSTI abbreviated): invincible imperators, pious Augusti. Reverse: Victoria advancing to left, with wreath in right hand and palm in left; VICTORIA PARTHICA MAXIMA: Greatest Parthian victory. Style/Period: Roman Empire In the period of the civil wars following the murder of Pertinax, Septimius Severus had to contend with several rivals for the throne. One was Pescennius Niger, who had been proclaimed emperor by his troops in Syria. Once he had dealt with Niger, Severus moved against his allies in the region, including one of the empire's oldest and most intractable enemies, the Parthians. In this campaign Severus defeated them and annexed Mesopotamia. When the Parthians attempted to recover it in 197 CE, Severus marched deep into their territory and in 198 CE captured the Parthian capital, Ctesiphon. For this victory Severus was awarded the title Parthicus maximus, greatest conqueror of the Parthians, and the victory was celebrated for some years after the actual event. The reverse of this coin hails the victory and appropriately depicts Victoria, the personification of victory, with her usual attributes, the wreath and palm. The jugate busts of Severus and Antoninus (Caracalla) are indicative of their joint rule. This coin is unusual in its omission of their names from the obverse legend. -- Robin Emmanuel Bandy McNeill, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.1: Pertinax to Geta (London 1936) 311; P.V. Hill, The Coinage of Septimius Severus and his Family of the Mint of Rome AD 193-217 (London 1964) 30. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.199 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Ryan collection; Patrick Doheny collection; Sotheby's, 1979. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Septimius Severus, Caracalla, cuirass, Victoria, wreath Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Septimius Severus and Caracalla, 7.14 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/9f41964c614918621c1a550e87fa34ba.jpg e3e4db4c157d5da367ef2f7ab5ead488 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Septimius Severus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 209 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Septimius Severus facing right; SEVERVS PIVS AVG(VSTVS): Severus Pius Augustus. Reverse: Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and Geta seated facing left on platform, officer behind; in front, Liberalitas; on steps, citizen; LIBERALITAS, in exergue, AVGG (AVGVSTORVM abbreviated) VI: sixth liberality of the Augusti. Style/Period: Roman Empire In 209 CE Septimius Severus finally elevated his second son, Geta, to the rank of Augustus (see 91.194), which provided the occasion for his sixth and last liberality or congiarium to the people of Rome. Geta served as co-emperor with Severus and his brother, Caracalla, until the death of Severus in 211 CE, and then very briefly as co-emperor with Caracalla until Caracalla murdered him in 212 CE. From the beginning of his reign, Severus had been particularly careful to cater to the Romans, not only with his lavish building program but also with liberalities, celebrations, and games. The reverse of this coin depicts not only Liberalitas, the personification of the liberality (see 91.171), but also the three Augusti themselves actively supervising the distribution of their gifts to the people. The obverse, with its Antonine-style portrait of Severus and the name Pius, adopted by Severus as a sign of his relationship to and reverence for Antoninus Pius, refers to Severus' dynastic pretensions of connection with the Antonine house. -- Robin Emmanuel Bandy McNeill, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Coinage of the Roman Empire IV.1: Pertinax to Geta (London 1936) 279. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.197 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Abner Kreisberg, Sept. 21, 1970. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Septimius Severus Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Septimius Severus, 7.16 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/64ccc14caebefc9beb5f233ae8412a4a.jpg 0c1a5dee10d8b67e56301afd28ca276c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Septimius Severus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 196 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped bust of Julia Domna facing right; IVLIA AVGVSTA: Julia Augusta. Reverse: Diana Lucifera standing facing left, holding torch; DIANA LVCIFERA: Diana Lucifera. Style/Period: Roman Empire Julia Domna, the daughter of the high priest of the Sun at Emesa in Syria, married Septimius Severus in about 185 CE, while he was a governor in Gaul. Severus, a notoriously superstitious man, chose her on the basis of her horoscope, which predicted that she would marry a king. Julia Domna had two sons, Antoninus (Caracalla) and Geta, who would eventually attain the rank of Augustus, and two daughters. She was something of an intellectual who had philosophers among her circle at court. She also traveled with her husband on his campaigns and received unusual honors as empress. Like Faustina the Younger (see 91.181), she was given the title Mater Castrorum, Mother of the Camps. To this were added the unprecedented titles Mater Senatus and Mater Patriae, Mother of the Senate and Mother of the Country. After the death of Severus, Julia Domna continued to receive honors from her sons, and even after Antoninus had his younger brother murdered in her arms, she continued to support him, accompanying him on his last campaign to the East. After Antoninus was assassinated, she committed suicide in 217 CE. She was deified by her great-nephew, Elagabalus. Julia Domna's portraits are noted for her distinctive hairstyle, a mass of hair falling in waves from its central part, then caught in a braided bun at the back; the hair is so heavy and stiff that it is likely to have been a wig. On the reverse of this coin she is associated with Diana Lucifera, the moon goddess and bearer of light. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.1: Pertinax to Geta (London 1936) 548. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.200 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Bank Leu, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Julia Domna, Diana Lucifera, torch Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Septimius Severus, 7.12 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/61ccb0ed0dda77d65de3cf34c8a4ec68.jpg 8020fb24650bc3e898d0bc53e356ce17 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caracalla Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 215 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Antoninus facing right; ANTONINVS PIVS AVG(VSTVS) GERM(ANICVS): Antoninus Pius Augustus, conqueror of the Germans. Reverse: Serapis standing facing left wearing modius, scepter in left hand, right raised.; P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) XVIIII CO(N)S(VL) IIII P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the nineteenth time, consul for the fourth time, father of the country. Style/Period: Roman Empire Caracalla, so nicknamed by his troops for the Gallic cloak or caracallus that he wore, was born Julius Bassianus to Septimius Severus and Julia Domna in 188 CE. When his father claimed adoption by Marcus Aurelius in 195 CE, he changed his son's name to Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, which remained his official name. He was made Caesar in 196 CE and Augustus in 198 CE, the latter elevation coinciding with Severus' great victory over the Parthians (see 91.199). He ruled jointly with Severus until his death in 211 CE and then jointly with his brother, Geta, until he had him murdered in 212 CE. He fought a series of campaigns on the German frontier, where he acquired his nickname and took the title Germanicus, and in the East, where he aspired to be the new Alexander. The greatest monument to his reign are the opulent Baths of Caracalla in Rome, dedicated in 216 CE. Caracalla was popular with his troops, but his mental instability, his cruelty, and his hatred of the Senate resulted in a conspiracy, and he was murdered in 217 CE. Caracalla rejected the philosopher-like portraiture of the Antonines for the look of a military man. He is shown with short hair and a close-cropped beard, and in his later portraits a V-shaped furrow in his brow produces a scowl that reflects his cruel and violent nature. The type would serve as a model for the portraits of the soldier-emperors of the third century. Caracalla's father, Severus, had identified himself with the Egyptian god Serapis, probably primarily for his African associations, and Caracalla continued to honor his cult. His usual attribute is the modius, the Roman grain measure, which he wears as a headdress symbolizing his connections with fertility. -- Robin Emmanuel Bandy McNeill, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.1: Pertinax to Geta (London 1936) 280. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.201 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Bank Leu, 1974. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Caracalla, Serapis, modius, scepter Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Caracalla, 6.55 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/0cf2b278d92c8c6577f0c7ae605a371d.jpg f0072a21e0585714ce2bb56f90c27596 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Macrinus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 217 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Macrinus facing right; IMP(ERATOR) C(AESAR) M(ARCVS) OPEL(LIVS) SEV(ERVS) MACRINVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Augustus. Reverse: Fides standing facing with head facing right, right foot on helmet, standard in each hand; PONTIF(EX) MAX(IMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) CO(N)S(VL) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, consul, father of the country. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Opellius Macrinus came from North Africa and rose to the position of praetorian prefect under Caracalla. He was involved in the conspiracy to murder the emperor and was made emperor after it succeeded. He adopted the name Severus in order to legitimize his and his son's succession. His military campaigns were unsuccessful, with the result that he had to buy peace from the Parthians and provide a donative to keep his troops loyal, but in the end they deserted him in favor of Elagabalus, and he was captured and executed. Macrinus' coinage reveals apparent indecision about how the emperor should be portrayed, since some coins show him with the usual curly hair and long beard of the Antonine dynasty while others such as this aureus depict him as a military man in the mold of Caracalla, the second type probably an attempt to win the favor of his disaffected troops. The reverses of Macrinus' coins depict conventional types, but it may be that Fides, the personification of loyalty, here also appeals to his troops. Fides has numerous attributes, but the standards she holds in both hands here indicate that the loyalty in question is military. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, and C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.2: Macrinus to Pupienus (London 1938) 22. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.203 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought at Sotheby auction, November 10, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Macrinus, helmet, standards Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Macrinus, 6.32 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/be3dcedd475b71bb39578bd2f8fad55f.jpg 8b21665d4595c4502bedc199e330af53 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elagabalus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 218-222 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Elagabalus facing right; ANTONINVS PIVS FEL(IX) AVG(VSTVS): Antoninus Pius, fortunate Augustus. Reverse: Slow quadriga facing right, bearing conical stone of Emesa with eagle, surrounded by four parasols; SANCT(O) DEO SOLI, in exergue ELAGABAL(VS): to the sacred sun god, Elagabalus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Varius Avitus Bassianus was a great-nephew of Septimius Severus and the hereditary high priest of the sun god Elagabalus at Emesa in Syria. When Macrinus proved ineffectual, his troops were convinced to switch their allegience to the fifteen-year-old priest by his mother and grandmother, who claimed that he was the illegitimate son of Caracalla (see 91.201). They gave him the official name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the same name Caracalla took when his father claimed to be an Antonine, to legitimize his right to the throne. They escorted the new emperor to Rome, where his promotion of the strange rites of the cult of Elagabalus caused him to be known by the name of the god. He soon became notorious for extravagance and corruption and under the guise of his oriental cult engaged in such outrageous and licentious behavior that the public became disgusted. When he plotted against his cousin, Alexander Severus, whom his mother and the Senate had encouraged him to adopt and make Caesar, the army revolted and murdered Elagabalus and his mother. The god Elagabalus was worshipped at Emesa in the form of a conical black stone, which was brought to Rome with the new emperor and enshrined in a temple of the sun god Sol on the Palatine. Once a year the stone was carried through the streets of Rome in a quadriga with parasols, preceded by Elagabalus walking backward in reverence of it. The quadriga carrying the stone is depicted on the reverse of a number of his coins. -- Robin Emmanuel Bandy McNeill, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, and C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.2: Macrinus to Pupienus (London 1936) 195. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.210 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries auction, December 2, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Elagabalus, quadriga, stone of Emesa, eagle, parasol Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Elagabalus, 2.70 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/0eaeaacdb39037efed3da0853b65addc.jpg 4a2ddf9e35ad3d0ae0c6e91723f3eb69 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gordian III Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 240 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Gordianus facing right; IMP(ERATOR) CAES(AR) GORDIANVS PIVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Caesar Gordianus, pious Augustus. Reverse: Liberalitas standing facing left, with tessera in right and cornucopia in left; LIBERALITAS AVG(VSTI) II: the second liberality of the Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire The year 238 CE was one of the most chaotic in Roman history, with five emperors coming to violent ends. The sixth Augustus of that year, Marcus Antonius Gordianus, came to the throne at the age of thirteen, after the deaths of his grandfather and uncle, Gordian I and II, and of the co-emperors who replaced them, Balbinus and Pupienus. Probably first led by his mother, then by the able praetorian prefect, Timesitheus, whose daughter he married in 241 CE, Gordian surprisingly remained in power for six years. His reign was marked by war on the northern frontier and in Africa and in the East by a Persian invasion. Gordian and Timesitheus went to meet the threat in the East and pushed on to Mesopotamia, where Timesitheus died suddenly. He was succeeded by his second in command, Philip, who soon murdered Gordian. | Gordian's coin portraits assume the short-haired military type typical of this period of soldier-emperors, but it does nothing to disguise the youthfulness of his beardless, unlined face. On the reverse, Liberalitas with her tessera and cornucopia refers to the largesse of Gordian's second liberality (see 91.171), the occasion for which is unknown. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, and C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.3: Gordian III to Uranus Antoninus (London 1949) 58. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.219 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Stack's, 1960. Ex Milton Holmes collection. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Gordian, Liberalitas, tessera, cornucopia Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Gordian III, 4.34 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/a8782f61f1a81b525e8fc9666445626f.jpg 792680fe008e71cb333dc1f8bb171f66 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Philip I (Philip the Arab) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 248 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Philip II facing right; IMP(ERATOR) CAES(AR) M(ARCVS) IVL(IVS) PHILIPPVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Caesar Marcus Iulius Philippus Augustus. Reverse: In a facing quadriga led by two soldiers, each with spear and shield, Philip I, holding branch and crowned by Victoria, and Philip II, with right hand extended; PONTIFEX MAX(IMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) V: pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the fifth time; in exergue, CO(N)S(VL) III P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): consul for the third time, father of the country. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Julius Philippus was born in the Roman province of Arabia and is thus often called Philip the Arab. In 243 CE he became praetorian prefect under the young emperor Gordian III, whom he murdered within a year. He made peace with the Persians, who had invaded Roman territory under Gordian, and set about building a dynasty on the model of the Antonines and Severans. He made his son, Philip, Caesar in 244 CE and, although he was still very young, shared the consulate with him and raised him to the rank of Augustus in 247 CE. Philip did not live to carry out his plans, however, because the troops at the Danube proclaimed a reluctant Decius emperor, and Philip died when Decius engaged him in battle at Verona in 249 CE. Philip II was killed at about the same time. In 245 CE the German Carpi attacked the frontier and engaged Philip's troops until 247 CE, when he returned in triumph to Rome. In a series of medallions in 247 CE and 248 he celebrated his great triumph, as well as the elevation of Philip II to Augustus that accompanied it. Father and son are crowned by Victoria in their triumphal chariot. Although the titles on the reverse belong to Philip I, the beardless bust on the obverse depicts Philip II. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: J.P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (London 1978) 311 no. 457 (similar reverse). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.221 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Bank Leu, 7/6/1985. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, quadriga, horse, soldiers, spear, shield, Philip I, Victoria, Philip II Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Medallion of Philip I (Philip the Arab), 51.29 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/25209ec06b307d475b2d08a5c62bc1f1.jpg 696bcfbbdc5301d5f997954ebb4046ff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Trajan Decius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 249-251 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate and cuirassed bust of Trajan Decius facing right; IMP(ERATOR) C(AIVS) M(ESSIVS) Q(VINTVS) TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius Augustus. Reverse: Abundantia standing facing right, emptying cornucopia held in both hands; ABVNDANTIA AVG(VSTI): Abundance of the Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Gaius Messius Quintus Decius was born in Pannonia on the Danube and rose to high offices under the emperor Philip I. When the troops at the Danubian frontier revolted, Philip persuaded Decius to defend the border, and when he succeeded, his own troops proclaimed him emperor. He then marched on Italy and killed Philip in battle at Verona. He added the name Trajan, probably because of that emperor's original conquest of the Danubian area. He was called back to the area by a massive invasion of Goths, and he, his son, and a large part of his army were killed in battle there in 251 CE. Decius' portraits are among the most expressive of the period. He is depicted as a military man, with short, stippled hair and beard, but his face, with its deeply lined forehead and sunken eyes, conveys the strain and anxiety of the times. On the reverse, Abundantia, the personification of abundance, particularly of grain, pours grain from her cornucopia. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, and C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.3: Gordian III - Uranus Antoninus (London 1949) 10. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.222 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, July 9, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Trajan Decius, Abundantia, cornucopia Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Trajan Decius, 4.05 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/08f593018b973c89ddd1c9314ccaeebf.jpg adb1a5542342a83e3e4de4f9d5aa1933 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gallienus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 267 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Gallienus facing left, wearing wreath of reeds; GALLIENAE AVGVSTAE: Gallienus Augustus. Reverse: Victoria in biga facing right, holding whip in right hand; VBIQVE PAX: peace everywhere. Style/Period: Roman Empire Gallienus was first co-emperor with his father, Valerian. He was put in charge of the West and initially had success dealing with German tribes at the northern frontier of the empire. In 260 CE Valerian, who was fighting the Persians in the East, was captured by the Persians, and Gallienus began his sole reign amid chaos, with a series of revolts in several regions and the usurper Postumus in control of much of Germany (see 91.227). Within several years he had regained control of most of the troops but had not succeeded in dislodging Postumus when he was killed by conspirators. Gallienus' last major victory, over the Heruli in the Danube region in 266 CE, appeared so decisive that the emperor celebrated the victory with a depiction of Victoria and a declaration of universal peace on the reverse of this coin. The puzzling image and legend on the obverse have been variously interpreted. The grammatical form of the legend has been read as feminine and as a comment on the portrait itself, in which the emperor wears a wreath of reeds usually associated with nymphs. But such a construction seems highly unlikely on official coinage, and the most probable reading of the legend is that it is a form of the vocative, an acclamation, which would normally read Galliene. The distinctive portrait shows Gallienus with much fuller hair and beard than most of his immediate predecessors, apparently an allusion to past emperors such as Hadrian, whom he admired. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.H. Webb, The Roman Imperial Coinage V.1 (London 1927) 121; J.P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (London 1978) 315 no. 496. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.226 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased at Munzen and Medaillen auction, June 28, 1971. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Gallienus, wreath, Victoria, biga, whip Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Gallienus, 6.65 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/ed4e1195e4755b41d883bc664959c2cb.jpg 6426d18c644e24597785c72ebb225697 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Postumus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 264 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Cuirassed and helmeted bust of Postumus facing left; POSTVMVS AVG(VSTVS): Postumus Augustus. Reverse: Victoria standing right, left foot on rocks, writing VOT(A)/X on shield; QVINQVENNALES POSTVMI AVG(VSTI): quinquennalia of Postumus Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire When Gallienus' father and co-emperor, Valerian, was captured by the Persians at Edessa, the obscure Marcus Cassianus Latinius Postumus, in charge of a force on the Rhine, was acclaimed Augustus by his troops. His separatist empire included not only Gaul but also eventually Britain and northern Spain. He ruled there for eight years, waging constant wars against the Germans. His troops murdered him in 269 CE, when he captured Mainz and forbade them to plunder the city. Postumus employed excellent die-cutters, and they developed a series of fine, boldly individualized portraits. This aureus celebrates the fifth anniversary of his reign in 264 CE. Postumus, who identified himself with Hercules and who is described by his admiring biographer, Trebellius Pollio, as a dashing character, is shown with an elaborate crested helmet, his upturned nose giving him a somewhat foreign and impetuous look. The reverse depicts Victoria inscribing Vot(a) X on a shield, reference to vows anticipating a tenth anniversary of his reign. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.H. Webb, The Roman Imperial Coinage V.2 (London 1933) 35. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.227 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Bank Leu, May 26, 1988. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Postumus, Victoria, shield Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Postumus, 5.98 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b7268b033b213f44b01add88dd30e447.jpg 24e4e3f5ca88bd9c9e1f7634cb9ab2f2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Probus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 282 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Probus facing left, holding lance in right hand and on left arm decorated shield; IMP(ERATOR) PROBVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Probus Augustus. Reverse: Draped and radiate bust of Sol facing right; SOLI INVICTO COMITI AVG(VSTI): to the Invincible Sun, companion of Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius Probus was the son of a soldier and commander in the East when the emperor Tacitus was killed in a mutiny. His troops proclaimed him emperor, and he immediately set about restoring order. For much of his reign Probus traveled back and forth, successfully putting down revolts at the frontiers of the empire. He celebrated a great triumph in Rome in 282 CE, which this coin perhaps commemorates. In the same year he was on a campaign against the Persians when the revolt of his praetorian prefect, Carus, encouraged his troops to kill him. The gold coins of Probus feature elaborate portraits of the emperor in full military dress, emphasizing his success as a commander. On the obverse of this aureus, in addition to the decorated cuirass and helmet, he holds a shield with a relief representing the emperor on horseback pursuing an enemy. On the reverse is a bust of the sun god, Sol, wearing his usual radiate crown. Sol had become increasingly important since Septimius Severus had brought the cult of Sol Invictus, the Invincible Sun, from the East, and he appears particularly as the companion and protector of the emperor. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.H. Webb, The Roman Imperial Coinage V.2 (London 1933) 138. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.232 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, June 8, 1978. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, helmet, curiass, Probus, lance, sheild, Sol Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Probus, 7.49 g.