8 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/83c3622475b187222fd912eb243f4f61.jpg 3db90d00c0a50c7ceda516cf37494bc6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constantine V, Leo IV Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 751-775 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing busts of Constantine V on left and Leo IV on right, each wearing chlamys and crown with cross; pellet between heads, cross above; CONSTANTINOS S LEON O NEOS: Constantine and Leo junior. Reverse: Facing bust of Leo III, wearing loros and crown with cross and holding cross potent on base in right hand; D(OMINVS) LEON P(ERPETVVS) A(VGVSTVS) MVL(TOS ANNOS): Lord Leo, perpetual Augustus, many years. Style/Period: Byzantine The coinage of Constantine V and his immediate successors was characterized by types proclaiming the continuity of their dynasty, the Isaurian, which lasted until the end of the century. Constantine had been co-emperor with his father Leo III until he was made sole emperor upon Leo's death in 741 CE. Ten years later he made his own son, Leo IV, co-emperor. In Constantine's late coinage the entire family is depicted, with the co-emperors on the obverse and the founder of their dynasty on the reverse. The heads are almost identical, with the exception of Leo IV's clean-shaven face, and the conventions of rank obscure even their most well-known features; over the objections of the Church, Constantine wore no beard, but he is depicted with a beard on the coin to indicate his seniority. Constantine's father, Leo III, had forbidden the veneration of icons, which had become widespread in the East, and this began an internal struggle between the iconoclasts, or destroyers of icons, and the iconodules, or worshipers of icons, which lasted for over a century. The controversy reached its height in the reign of Constantine V with the violent destruction of religious images and the persecution of those who favored them. Secular images replaced religious images, and the cross on the steps was replaced by imperial portraits. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.282 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, Feb. 9, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Constantine V, Leo IV, chlamys, crown, pellet, cross, Leo III, loros, cross potent Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Constantine V and Leo IV, 4.47 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/62859aa9fc2787f88841c5bc6e7a362d.jpg 7d3aaacbdf76332f4880d4c739af551a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Philippicus (Bardanes) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 711-713 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing crowned bust of Philippicus, wearing loros and holding globus cruciger in right hand and scipio in left; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) FILEPICVS MV[LTOS ANNOS]: Our lord Philippicus, many years. Reverse: Cross potent on four steps; VICTORIA AVGV(STI) Θ: Victory of the Augustus, officina mark Θ; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine In the course of the revolts that brought down Justinian II, an Armenian named Bardanes was proclaimed emperor; he changed his name to Philippicus. Philippicus subscribed to heretical views and made himself an enemy of the Pope by removing an image of a council of the Church that had condemned these views some years earlier. In the destruction of this religious image he foreshadowed the greater iconoclastic controversies to come, which were ignited by opposition to the cult of icons, or images of religious figures, and the superstitious practices they could encourage. These beliefs probably also led Philippicus to reject the bust of Christ that Justinian II had introduced to Byzantine coinage and to revert to the portrait of the emperor on the obverse of his coins and the cross on the steps on the reverse. The portrait of Philippicus introduces a somewhat longer hairstyle for the emperor, but is otherwise as stylized as those of his predecessors. This is the last time that the scipio, the eagle-tipped consular scepter that he holds in his left hand, appeared on Byzantine coins. The acclamation multos annos, "may he rule for many years," was used at imperial processions and ceremonies and replaced perpetuus augustus on the coins of this period. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908) 6; P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.281 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, Feb. 9, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Philippicus, loros, globus cruvieger, scipio, cross, cross potent, steps, Bardanes Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Philippicus (Bardanes), 4.33 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/056bcbbfe99ff0d58a10eb4be5a56578.jpg 7c54f1bf11751acf677d2057235db831 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Justinian II, Tiberius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 705-711 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Christ with curly hair, cross behind head, right hand raised in blessing, left holding Gospel book; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) IhS(VS) Ch(RISTV)S REX REGNANTIVM: Our Lord Jesus Christ, Ruler of those who rule. Reverse: Facing half-figures of Justinian on left and Tiberius on right, each wearing crown and chlamys, holding between them cross potent on base; D(OMINI) N(OSTRI) IVST[INIANVS ET TIBERIVS] P(ER)P(ETVI) A(VGVSTI): Our lords Justinian and Tiberius, perpetual Augusti. Style/Period: Byzantine Justinian II, who first came to power in 685 CE, was mutilated and ousted by Leontius in 695 CE (see 91278), but after ten years in exile "the emperor without a nose," so nicknamed as a result of his mutilation, returned to the throne for a second reign. In his first reign Justinian, a devout Christian, had taken the important step of depicting Christ on a coin for the first time and establishing the convention in which the image of Christ on the obverse displaced the portrait of the emperor to the reverse of the coin. In addition, the legend on the obverse proclaims that the emperor is subject to Christ the King. The image of Christ was not used by the emperors immediately following Justinian, but it was later revived, and its position on the obverse determined the relationship between Christ and the emperor on all later Byzantine coins. In his second reign Justinian retained the image of Christ on the obverse, but the type has changed from the stern, long-haired, fully bearded figure of the Pantokrator common in Byzantine icons and mosaics to a youthful, curly-haired Christ with a short beard, a type thought to be derived from Syrian depictions of Christ. For most of his second reign, Justinian ruled in association with his young son, Tiberius, who is pictured with him on the reverse, his youth and junior status indicated by his scale and position on the right. Together they hold the cross potent on a stepped base, which formerly had been the standard reverse type. Justinian was ruthless in exacting revenge upon his many enemies, and in the end both he and his young son were murdered. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.280 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Christ, Gospel, Justinian II, Tiberius, chlamys, cross, cross potent Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Justinian II and Tiberius, 4.27 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e0349e9600c93716a78af72107422c81.jpg 5dbba71100ac8202fe0ab2fdb639acab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leontius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 695-698 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Leontius, wearing loros and crown and holding akakia in right hand and globus cruciger in left; D(OMINVS) LEON(TIVS) PE(RPETVVS) AV(GVSTVS): Lord Leontius, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Cross potent on steps; VICTORIA AVGV(STI) Y: Victory of the Augustus, officina mark Y; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Leontius usurped the throne from Justinian II in 695 CE. He was unable to put down Arab attacks on Carthage in northern Africa, however, and he was deposed three years later. Although his reign introduced a long period of instability, in which five emperors rose and fell in twenty years, his coins are masterpieces of detail in the imperial dress. On the obverse a robust, bearded Leontius wears the loros, an elaborately jeweled and embroidered scarf wrapped around the body somewhat like a toga, thrown first over the left shoulder, then pulled under the left arm, brought across the front of the body, thrown over the right shoulder and pulled across the back to the left hip, pulled across the front of the body again, and then draped over the right arm (see 91.287). In his right hand he holds an akakia, a symbol first adopted by Leontius and used in many imperial portraits afterwards. It was a short cylinder with jeweled ends containing dust, intended to remind the emperor that even he was mortal. On the reverse, Leontius reverts to the cross potent on steps that was introduced by the coins of Tiberius Constantine as a reference to the cross on the hill of Calvary (see 91.272). -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.278 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, March 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Leontius, loros, crown, akakia, globus cruciger, cross, steps Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Leontius, 4.45 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/ebaea0cb5988a4190205d3d53cbfdee7.jpg 6dcba9adad172e131e601845dcce84ca Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constantine IV Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 674-681 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Constantine IV three-quarter facing right, holding spear behind head in right hand; shield with attacking horseman at left shoulder; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) (CONST)AN(TIN)VS P(ERPETVVS AVGVSTVS): Our lord Constantine, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Cross potent on stepped base, with Heraclius on left and Tiberius on right, each wearing chlamys, crown with cross, and holding globus cruciger in right hand; VICTORIA AVGV(STI) E: Victory of the Augustus, officina mark E; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Constantine IV came to the throne after the murder of his father, Constans II, in 668 CE and ruled first in association with his brothers, Heraclius and Tiberius. In 681 CE, however, after the birth of his son, Justinian, Constantine deprived his brothers of their imperial titles and had their noses cut off, an oriental custom indicating that they were no longer fit for office. Afterwards he ruled alone until his death in 685 CE. The most significant event of the reign of Constantine IV was the Arab siege of Constantinople, which lasted from 674 CE until 678 CE and ended with the decisive defeat of the Arabs. On this solidus, Constantine briefly revived the old armored portrait bust, which had for the most part been replaced by the portrait of the emperor wearing the chlamys (see 91.275). His use of the type in this period may have been an attempt to recall the great military emperors such as Justinian who had used the military type in the sixth century. The reverse indicates that the coin dates from the period before the deposition of Constantine's brothers. Here he continues the dynastic tradition of his father's coins, which had depicted all three brothers, with the youngest two, Heraclius and Tiberius, on the reverse. Heraclius is identified as the elder by his height and position on the left. The legends of the coins of Constantine IV, as this coin demonstrates, are often so crude and abbreviated that they are illegible. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908) 3; P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.277 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, Feb. 9, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, helmet, Constantine IV, spear, horseman, horse, cross, cross potent, steps, Tiberius, globus cruciegers Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Constantine IV, 4.42 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3b0c90a6acf007f19c709c86aed876f4.jpg 9aa9f8b9b2b8c6dd77aa79c6ff34a080 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constans II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 647-651 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Constans with short beard, wearing chlamys and crown with cross, holding globus cruciger in right hand; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) CONSTANTINVS P(ER)P(ETVVS) AV(GVSTVS): Our lord Constans, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Cross potent on four steps; VICTORIA AVGV(STI) E: Victory of the Augustus, officina mark E; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Constans II, the son of Heraclius Constantine and grandson of Heraclius (see 91.275), was co-emperor with his uncle, Heraclonas, and became sole emperor at the age of eleven when Heraclonas was deposed by the senate. Although he is called Constantinus on his coins, Byzantine writers called him Constans. In his reign the Arabs made inroads into Byzantine territory, and anxiety over threats from the Lombards in Italy caused him to move to Syracuse. He attempted without success to resolve theological and political differences with the Western Church. He was murdered in 668 CE. Constans modeled his coins after those of his grandfather, Heraclius (see 91.275), changing his portrait as he aged from beardless to wearing a short beard, as here, and finally to wearing a long, full beard. He also retained the cross potent on the steps on the reverse. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.276 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, Feb. 9. 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Constans II, chlamys, crown, cross, globus cruciger, cross potent, steps Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Constans II, 4.38 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/917d4e728fc9b14d5451257d6f3d4041.jpg b656e6bbaa5a9733bf647de021e362d6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Heraclius, Heraclius Constantine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 613-625 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Heraclius with beard on left, facing bust of Heraclius Constantine on right, each wearing chlamys and crown with cross; cross in field between heads; DD (DOMINI abbreviated) NN(NOSTRI abbreviated) HERACLIVS ET HERA(CLIVS) CONST(ANTINVS) P(ER)P(ETVI) AV(GVSTI): Our lords Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine, perpetual Augusti. Reverse: Cross potent on steps; VICTORIA AVCV(STI) H: Victory of Augustus, officina mark H; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Heraclius overthrew his hated predecessor, Phocas, in 610 CE. He regained much of the territory that had been lost by his predecessors and ensured stability by re-establishing the practice of adopting an heir who ruled in association with him. His eldest son, Heraclius Constantine, was made Augustus soon after he was born. The obverse of this solidus of Heraclius proclaims his intention to rule jointly with his son and establishes the conventions of coin portraits for joint rulers. Heraclius as the senior ruler is depicted on the left, with the junior Heraclius Constantine on the right. Differences in scale underscore the differences in age and seniority, as does the fact that Heraclius Constantine has not yet acquired a beard. The chlamys worn by the two figures is civilian garb and in most emperor portraits of the seventh century replaces the armor of earlier emperors. It was a long, embroidered purple cloak, fastened on the right shoulder by a fibula or pin, which in imperial portraits takes the form of a round brooch with three pendants. The reverse revives the cross on the steps, a type introduced by Tiberius Constantine (see 91.272), understood to represent the cross on the hill of Calvary; it would become the main reverse type of the seventh century. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908) 28; P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.275 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, February 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Heraclius, Heraclius Constatine, chlamys, crown, cross, cross potent, steps Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine, 4.44 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b130d10e83a08843df1417831545215f.jpg ef15637cfba08ca273e34022f2d7f7da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Phocas Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 602-610 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Phocas, wearing paludamentum and crown with cross, holding globus cruciger in right hand; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) FOCAS PERP(ETVVS) AVG(VSTVS): Our lord Phocas, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Standing angel facing, holding staff with Christogram in right hand, globus cruciger in left; VICTORIA AVGV(STI): Victory of the Augustus; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine In 602 CE Phocas, a junior officer of barbarian descent, led his troops in a mutinous revolt against the imperial government and succeeded in taking the throne. He initiated a reign of terror aimed particularly at the aristocracy, and in the ensuing chaos the Persian army advanced on the Balkans and Asia Minor. The situation was saved with the intervention of Heraclius, who deposed Phocas. The coins of Phocas are unusual because they revive an interest in portraiture, which the engravers of the stylized portraits of most early Byzantine emperors had long ignored. In contrast to the busts of other sixth-century emperors, the portrait of Phocas emphasizes his barbarian heritage. His pointed beard and his straight, shaggy hair give him a distinctly foreign appearance, and he wears a simple crown and a military cloak, the paludamentum, fastened with a fibula or pin on the right shoulder. His beard set a precedent for most later emperors. The inscription on the reverse abandons the usual legend VICTORIA AVCCC, the abbreviation of the plural Augustorum indicating the joint rule of more than one Augustus (see 91.268, 91.269, 91.270, 91.272). In this period of sole rulers the legend had long been anachronistic, but Phocas' decision to change it to refer to a single Augustus may have been intended to emphasize his determination, in the face of mounting opposition, to rule alone. -- Timothy S. Riley, LU '92 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.274 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Frederick Knobloch, February, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Phocas, paludamentum, crown, cross, globus cruciger, angel, staff, Christogram Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Phocas, 4.28 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7d39c1f94b036aa75264768e33fff958.jpg cca85de8f8921ec6bcf18457de1c7a01 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tiberius Constantine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 578-582 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing cuirassed bust of Tiberius Constantinius, wearing crown with cross and holding globus cruciger in right hand; at left shoulder, shield depicting attacking horseman; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) TIB(ERIVS) CONSTAN(TINI)VS P(ER)P(ETVVS) AVC(VSTVS): Our lord Tiberius Constantine, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Cross potent on four steps; VICTORIA AVCC (AVGVSTORVM abbreviated) E: Victory of the Augusti, officina mark E; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Tiberius I was made Caesar by Justin II in 574 CE and renamed Tiberius Constantine. When Justin suffered bouts of insanity, he appointed Tiberius his successor. Tiberius inherited Justin's problems, including the war with the Persians that had begun under Justin, and he was only able to hold the Persians at bay. For the history of Byzantine coinage, Tiberius plays an important role. He introduced a new reverse type, the cross potent (a cross with a bar at the end of each arm) on four steps, a radical change from the figural types of earlier coinage. The image supposedly came to him in a vision. The cross on the steps is called the cross calvary because it is assumed to refer to the cross on the hill of Calvary. The immediate inspiration for the image may have been the golden cross that was erected on Mount Calvary in the reign of Theodosius II (408-450 CE). Although the type was used only once in sixth-century coinage, it was often used during the seventh and eighth centuries. -- Timothy S. Riley, LU '92 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908); P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.272 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Milton A. Holmes auction, October 18, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Tiberius Constantine, crown, cross, globu cruciger, shield, horseman, horse Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Tiberius Constantine, 4.40 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/c6c574aa86bafd3de1eba5abad72b316.jpg 18759de8a9a0750f603372e9ea2cbd22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Justinian I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 527-545 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing helmeted and cuirassed bust of Justinian, holding globus cruciger in right hand; at left shoulder, shield with attacking horseman; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) IVSTINIANVS P(ER)P(ETVVS) AVC(VSTVS): Our lord Justinian, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Standing facing angel with cross-staff in right hand and globus cruciger in left; VICTORIA AVCCC (AVGVSTORVM abbreviated) E: Victory of the Augusti, officina mark E; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Justinian's accomplishments in military affairs, the law, and the arts were among the greatest of the Byzantine empire. He reclaimed most of the territory of the Roman empire, codified the old Roman law, and built Hagia Sophia and other important churches and monuments in Constantinople. Underlying his temporal victories was a strong personal conviction for orthodox Christianity. Justinian's policy of reconquest is made clear on the obverse of this coin. In place of the usual spear, in his right hand the emperor holds the globus cruciger, a globe surmounted by a cross, indicating that the emperor receives his authority from God. From this time onward the globus cruciger would become a regular feature of the Byzantine imperial bust. On earlier coins the globus had been held by Victoria on the reverse (see 91.269). Although stylized in the manner of most Byzantine coin portraits, this portrait type may bear some resemblance to the emperor, for Justinian's biographer, Procopius, writes that he was "rather plump," his face "round and not unattractive" (Secret History, 8). -- Timothy S. Riley, LU '92 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.270 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, Sept. 17, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, helmet, Justinian, globus cruciger, shield, horseman, horse Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Justinian I, 4.45 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f183ee8ec22e1821d23ed238feefb309.jpg 5f56377e7973ccd914059005c93d086f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Justin I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 518-527 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Helmeted bust of Justin I three-quarter facing right, holding spear behind head in right hand; shield with attacking horseman on left shoulder; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) IVSTINVS P(ER)P(ETVVS) AVC(VSTVS): Our lord Justin, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Standing angel facing, holding globus cruciger in left hand and staff with cross in right; eight-pointed star in right field; VICTORIA AVCCC (AVGVSTORVM abbreviated) S: Victory of the Augusti, officina mark S; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Of peasant origin, Justin I rose through the ranks of the military and was proclaimed emperor by the army in 518 CE. A man of little learning, in matters of policy he is thought to have relied upon the advice of his nephew, Justinian I. He made an alliance with the papacy in Rome and restored religious orthodoxy in the East in the wake of his predecessor's unpopular Monophysitism or belief in the unity of the divine and human natures of Christ. The obverse depicts Justin in the stylized portrait type established by his predecessor, Anastasius I (see 91.268). On the reverse, however, Justin introduced a new type. In place of the profile Victoria commonly depicted on the reverses of earlier coins (see 91.168) is a facing angel holding a cross-staff in his right hand and a globus cruciger or sphere with a cross on top in his left hand. The transformation of the female Victoria into a male angel has been accomplished by changing the Victoria's chiton belted beneath the breasts to a chlamys belted at the waist. Roman emperors had sometimes been depicted with the globus, a symbol of their rule of the world, but beginning in the fifth century it acquired the Christian cross and became a globus cruciger. The globe was apparently symbolic; there is no evidence of the existence of such an object until 1014 CE, when Pope Benedict VIII had a globus cruciger made as a coronation present for Henry II. -- Timothy S. Riley, LU '92 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908); P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.269 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, Feb. 9, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, helmet, Justin I, spear, shield, horseman, horse Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Justin I, 4.48 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/6e2327ed22ab95a4b8c0804f138b8ce1.jpg 7ad11ba33821dd1cd252e01ae8459f7a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anastasius I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 491-518 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Anastasius three-quarter facing right, holding spear behind head in right hand; shield with attacking horseman at left shoulder; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) ANASTASIVS P(ER)P(ETVVS) AVC(VSTVS): Our lord Anastasius, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Victoria standing l., holding long cross in r.; star in r. field; VICTORIA AVCCC (AVGVSTORVM abbreviated) N: Victory of the Augusti, officina mark N; CONOB in exergue: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine In 491 CE, after the death of the emperor Zeno, the empress Ariadne put the relatively unknown court official Anastasius on the throne. He is best known for his reform of the copper of the old Roman monetary system, and for this reason his coins are the first to be considered truly Byzantine. In contrast to the typical profile portraits of the emperor on the obverses of coins in the western Roman empire, the Byzantines preferred facing busts. This coin depicts the military type, with the emperor wearing a cuirass and helmet, carrying a spear over his right shoulder and a shield at his left depicting a horseman in battle. The portrait also differs from typical Western portraits in the extreme simplification of the facial features, with emphasis upon the large eyes. The reverse of this coin is one of the last to use partly pagan and partly Christian imagery. The winged Victoria is a standard type in earlier Roman coins, but the Victoria on this coin holds a staff with the Christogram, the monogram of Christ or Χριστσς in Greek. On this coin the monogram consists of a cross with a loop at the top forming the Greek letter rho (Ρ). The legend on the reverse is abbreviated in the manner of coins of the late fourth and early fifth centuries, in which the number of C's (G in this period takes the form of C) corresponded to the number of emperors ruling together. In this period there is usually only a single emperor, but the abbreviation of the plural Augustorum persists. The term CONOB in the exergue combines CON as an abbreviation for Constantinople with OB, an abbreviation for obryzum, the technical term for gold. -- Timothy S. Riley, LU '92 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.268 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, March 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, helmet, Anastasius, spear, shield, horseman, horse, Victoria, cross, star Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Anastasius I, 4.43 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/95a704b3195aa75f2687c4d5e1af3b08.jpg 7ba408671c2665bca2149b98013e3586 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Julian II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 362 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust of Julian II facing right; FL(AVIVS) CL(AVDIVS) IVLIANVS P(IVS) F(ELIX) AVG(VSTVS): Flavius Claudius Julianus, pious, fortunate Augustus. Reverse: Soldier, helmeted, standing facing right, head to left, holding trophy in left hand, dragging captive with right; VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANORVM: the valour of the Roman army; in exergue, ANTH: Antioch. Style/Period: Roman Empire Flavius Claudius Julianus, known to history as Julian the Apostate, was a nephew of Constantine, born in the imperial capital of Constantinople in 332 CE. He and his brother, Gallus, were the only male members of the side of Constantine's family descended from his father's first wife, Theodora, rather than from Constantine's mother, Helena, to survive the massacre of 337 CE, an apparent attempt to wipe out that side of the family. He spent his early years studying philosophy in Asia Minor, where he first became interested in the worship of the old pagan gods. He was made Caesar by the emperor Constantius II in 355 CE and posted to Gaul, where he was successful in dealing with the Germans. His popularity with his troops resulted in his proclamation as emperor in 360 CE. He was spared a war with the emperor by Constantius' death in 361 CE. He openly renounced Christianity, which earned him the name Apostate, and tried unsuccessfully to restore paganism. He was killed in battle in 363 CE. The portraits of Julian are striking in that he rejected the beardless portrait tradition that had begun with Constantine, probably because of its association with Christianity, and wore instead the beard of earlier pagan emperors. The reverse also reverts to earlier types and even to the more naturalistic, Classical style that was used to portray them. -- Jonathan D. Greene, LU '93 Bibliography: J.P.C. Kent, The Roman Imperial Coinage VIII: The Family of Constantine A.D. 337-364 (London 1981) Antioch 203. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.249 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, April 11, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, diadem, curiass, Julian II, soldier, helmet, trophy, captive Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Julian II, 3.97 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/af63deba1e9f1f2753a8b6b198f0e35d.jpg e7781c2318b167d4eb9a0ca732b37ac2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constantine I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 336-337 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and cuirassed bust of Constantine facing right, wearing rosette diadem; CONSTANTINVS MAX(IMVS) AVG(VSTVS): Constantine the Great Augustus. Reverse: Victoria seated on cuirass facing right, inscribing shield held by winged genius VOT(A)/XX/XX: vows for forty years of rule; VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG(VSTI): Victory of Constantine Augustus; in exergue, CONS: Constantinople. Style/Period: Roman Empire Constantine was the son of Constantius, an army officer who became Caesar and one of the rulers of the tetrarchy in 293 CE (see 91.246). When Constantius died in 306 CE, the army proclaimed Constantine emperor, but it was not until the complete dissolution of the tetrarchy and his defeat of several contenders to the throne that Constantine finally emerged as sole Augustus in 324 CE. The true nature of his religious beliefs is still debated, but Constantine was a patron and defender of Christianity, and in his reign the last specifically pagan types on coins die out. In 309-310 CE, in an effort to stabilize the badly devalued currency of the time, Constantine began issuing a new, somewhat lighter gold coin, the solidus, which was to become the standard gold coin until the tenth century CE. The new capital at Byzantium, which Constantine dedicated and renamed Constantinople, now became a major mint of gold coinage. The mint mark CONS indicates that this solidus was issued there. Constantine's portrait type constitutes a clear break from the tough soldier types of the tetrarchy. His clean-shaven face and hair combed forward in separate locks over his forehead recall those aspects of the portraits of Trajan (see 91.158). At the same time the upward gaze recalls the coin portraits of Alexander the Great, which served as prototypes for the divine ruler portraiture of much of the Hellenistic age (see 91.046). The diadem, of which this is the most elaborate type, was adopted by Constantine and the members of his house as a new symbol of sovereignty. The reverse of this coin, struck in 336-337 CE for Constantine's tricennalia or thirtieth anniversary of his acclamation as emperor, records vota or prayers for ten more years of rule; the four X's that Victoria inscribes on the shield refer to a total of forty years. Constantine, however, died the year the vows were undertaken. -- Benjamin Hayes, LU '93 Bibliography: P.M. Bruun, The Roman Imperial Coinage 7: Constantine and Licinius AD 313- 337 (London 1966) 108. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.240 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Münzen und Medaillen, 1981. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Constantine, diadem, Victoria, cuirass, sheild, winged genius Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Constantine I, 4.42 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/398bc41f37b90217749cd05069accdd9.jpg 0248c616799907e3ffa87778095f2748 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Crispus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 325-326 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed head of Crispus facing right Reverse: Victoria advancing facing left, holding wreath in right hand and palm branch in left; CRISPVS CAESAR: Crispus Caesar; in exergue, N, symbol of the mint at Nicomedia. Style/Period: Roman Empire Flavius Julius Crispus, the eldest son of Constantine the Great and his concubine, Minervina, was made Caesar in 316 CE, together with his half-brother, Constantine II. He was made governor of Gaul, where he defeated the Germans, and he headed the successful naval campaign against Constantine's rival, Licinius. He was executed in 326 CE, apparently amid accusations of adultery with his step-mother, Fausta. The early coin portraits of Crispus emphasize his military successes by depicting him armed, and the Victory on the reverse of this coin probably also alludes to these achievements, but later a new portrait style, a diademed head with an upward gaze, appears on his coins. The head of this coin and the type of the reverse are almost identical to the types on contemporary coins of Constantine, and the similarities were probably meant to strengthen Crispus' position as an heir to the throne. -- Jonathan D. Greene, LU '93 Bibliography: P.M. Bruun, The Roman Imperial Coinage VII: Constantine and Licinius A.D. 313-337 (London 1966) 618 no. 110. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.242 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Münzen und Medaillen, 1987. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Crispus, Victoria, wreath, plam branch Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Crispus, 4.4 g.