7 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b321f5a625398ffedad1eb57c3265763.jpg 7d9882a6cc56d67bc4a71abd14a812d8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aenus (Ainos), Thrace, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 467-465 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Hermes wearing petasos, to right. Reverse: Goat in incuse square; ΑΙΝΙ: of Ainos; in right field, kantharos. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) In mythology, Aeneus, son of the god Apollo and the nymph Stilbe, founded the Thracian city of Ainos. According to Kallimachos (Kallimachos, Diegesis, 7-8), the great carpenter Epeios, before constructing the Trojan horse, fashioned a statue of Hermes that was lost at sea and brought by the river god Scamander to Ainos. Some fishermen caught the statue and tried to use it for firewood but were unable to cut it or burn it. The fishermen then threw it back into the sea only to catch it again. Now realizing that the statue was divine, the fishermen built a shrine for it. Later, Apollo gave a sign that the statue should be brought into the city. It is for this reason that Hermes Perpheraios (Περφεραῖος possibly referring to a ritual called a περιφέρειν: meaning to carry around) became the patron deity of the city. On the obverse of the coin is the profile head of Hermes wearing his characteristic petasos. The reverse is stamped with an incuse square containing a goat, which is a symbol of Hermes as the divine herdsman, and, at the bottom right, a kantharos, one of many different symbols that accompany the goat on these coins (see also 91.045, a later coin of Ainos with variations of these images). Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: J. M. F. May, Ainos, its history and coinage, 474-341 B.C. (Oxford 1950), 30-31, 272-274, pl. 1, no. 14. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.082 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Hermes, petasos, goat, Aenus, Ainos, Thrace, Turkey Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Ainos (Aenus), 16.09 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/5ccecd92ac754012026b54a8d013d67f.jpg 7ca8ccb442928cae639ff0de96f9a141 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agrigentum (Akragas), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 415 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Two eagles standing on supine hare, the farther with spread wings, about to tear the hare, the nearer with closed wings, raising its head and screaming. Α ΚΡΑΓ. Reverse: Crab and Scylla, her right hand raised, her left arm trailing. ΑΚΡΑ ΓΑ ΝΤΙΝ ΟΝ. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Beginning with the early coins of Akragas, the typical obverse image depicted an eagle, a symbol of Olympian Zeus, who was an important deity in Akragas. Sometime between 420 and 415, the single eagle was replaced by two eagles standing on and devouring a hare. The type depicting two eagles feasting on a hare may have originated as a tribute to the Greek playwright Aeschylus, who had died in 456 B.C.E in the nearby city of Gela; Akragas had been founded in c. 580 B.C.E. as a colony of Gela. In Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, Zeus sends a sign of two eagles devouring a pregnant hare to Agamemnon. An augur interpreted this sign to mean that the brothers Agamemnon and Menelaus would sack Troy (Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 109ff). The crab on the reverse is a symbol of the city of Akragas. Beneath it is Scylla, the mythological monster who terrorized Odysseus and his men on their journey home from Troy. Scylla was once a beautiful Naiad who was transformed into the terrifying creature shown on the coin, with a female head and torso, a serpent tail, and the foreparts of two dogs. Scylla, along with the whirlpool-monster Charybdis, was believed to have resided in the Strait of Messina, a hazardous passageway between Sicily and Italy. It has been suggested that her presence on these coins may refer to the Syracusan victory over the invading Athenian army during the infamous Sicilian expedition of 415-413 BCE. Akragas, however, seems to have remained relatively neutral during the Sicilian Expedition, so perhaps Scylla is simply meant to signify Akragas’ naval and economic power during this period, which rivaled that of Syracuse. Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: G.E. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia (Rome 1946) 92, pl. 4, no. 1; A Catalogue of the Greek coins in the British Museum II: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 12, no. 61; C. M. Kraay, Greek Coins (New York 1966) 296, no. 175, pl. 60; K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1976) 46-47; N .K. Rutter, The Greek Coinages of Southern Italy and Sicily (London 1997) 149. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.081 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, eagle, hare, crab, skylla, Agrigentum, Akragas, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Akragas, 16.97 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/fe9d2553b2e8a113d65363549e043461.jpg 77a670b987c9976af520a2bb5577adfb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agrigentum (Akragas), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 412-406 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Quadriga driven to left by Nike holding reins in both hands and a goad in left hand; above, vine-branch with leaves and fruit. Exergue very abraded but perhaps originally ΑΚΡΑΓΑΝΤΙ/ΝΟΝ (Rizzo, pl. 2, no. 10; Seltman pl. 3, H). Reverse: Two eagles devouring supine hare lying on rocks; farthest eagle has spread wings and is about to tear the prey; nearest has closed wings and raises its head and screams. In right field, locust. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) Beginning with the early coins of Akragas, the typical obverse image was an eagle, a symbol of Olympian Zeus, who was an important deity in Akragas. Sometime between 420 and 415, the single eagle was replaced by two eagles standing on and devouring a hare. The type depicting two eagles feasting on a hare may have originated as a tribute to the Greek playwright Aeschylus, who had died in 456 BCE in the nearby city of Gela; Akragas had been founded in c. 580 BCE as a colony of Gela. In Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, Zeus sends a sign of two eagles devouring a pregnant hare to Agamemnon. An augur interpreted this sign to mean that the brothers Agamemnon and Menelaus would sack Troy (Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 109ff). Beginning c. 413 and continuing until its destruction by Carthage in 406, Akragas, probably in imitation of the coins of Syracuse, adopted a racing quadriga for its obverse type, and the eagles were moved to the reverse. The quadriga may also refer to the chariot victory of the Akragantine Exainetos in the 92nd Olympiad, 412 BCE (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 13.34.1; 13.82.7). Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: G. E. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia (Rome 1946) 90, no. 10, pl. 2; C. T. Seltman, “The Engravers of the Akragantine Decadrachms,” Numismatic Chronicle 8 (1948) 1-10, no. 11, pl. II, H; K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1976) 46-49; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 226-227; N. K. Rutter, The Greek Coinages of Southern Italy and Sicily (London 1997) 149. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.080 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, eagle, hare, rocks, quadriga, horse, Nike, vine, leaves, fruit, Agrigentum, Akragas, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Akragas, 16.15 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7599a4669d4d235bef5f45a5348dd731.jpg a972d1bdd747f6af6cfe9f91f7c5638f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agrigentum (Akragas), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 420-415 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Eagle with spread wings standing on supine hare and devouring it; below, cockle shell. ΑΚΡΑΓ ΑΝΤΙΝ Ο Ν: of Akragas. Reverse: Crab and broad sea fish with open mouth and spines along its back; on either side of crab, cockle shell and conch. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) Beginning with the early coins of Akragas, the typical obverse type depicted an eagle, a symbol of Olympian Zeus, who was an important deity in Akragas. Later, a type depicting two eagles feasting on a hare became popular (see coins 93.010, 2001.080) and may have originated as a tribute to the Greek playwright Aeschylus, who had died in 456 BCE in the nearby city of Gela; Akragas had been founded in c. 580 BCE as a colony of Gela. In Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, Zeus sends a sign of two eagles devouring a pregnant hare to Agamemnon. An augur interpreted this sign to mean that the brothers Agamemnon and Menelaus would sack Troy (Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 109ff). Strangely, the artist decided to depict only one eagle on the coin, seemingly mixing the earlier type with the imagery that had become more common when this coin was issued. On the reverse, the die-engraver depicted a crab in the middle, flanked by a cockle shell on the left and a conch on the right. The crab was probably a type found in the local river or the sea and became a symbol of Akragas. Below the crab is a large fish, which has been identified as a mero or cernia, species found in the area. Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum II: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 11, no. 59; F. E. Zeuner, “Fish on Ancient Coins,” The Numismatic Circular 71, 1963, 142-143; C. M. Kraay, Greek Coins (New York 1966), 296, no. 173, pl. 60; K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1976) 46-47; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 226, pl. 46, no. 793; N. K. Rutter, The Greek Coinages of Southern Italy and Sicily (London 1997) 149, fig. 162. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.079 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, eagle, hare, barleycorn, scallop shell, crab, broad sea fish, conch, Agrigentum, Akragas, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Akragas, 17.12 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/213b8dcf21c254c81dc3324678efd79f.jpg 3df9d6e9d3aa2b7f3c29a75263fa29fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 425-415 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Quadriga racing to left, its male charioteer crowned by Nike flying overhead. In exergue, signature of the die engraver, ΕΥΜΗΝΟΥ: Eumenes. Reverse: Head of Arethusa to left, surrounded by four dolphins; to right of head, ΕΥΜΗΝΟΥ. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) The obverse depicts a racing quadriga, a chariot pulled by four horses. Victorious quadrigas are commonly depicted on the coins of Syracuse because the Gamoroi, the Syracusan aristocracy, had a great interest in racing this type of chariot in the Olympic games. The image of the quadriga was adopted by many other cities in Sicily. In this period, die engravers for Syracuse frequently signed their dies. The dies for both the obverse and reverse of this coin were signed by Eumenes. The nymph Arethusa is depicted in profile on the reverse of the coin. In mythology, Arethusa, a worshiper of the goddess Artemis, was pursued by the river god Alpheios. Arethusa escaped into the sea with the aid of Artemis and reemerged on the Syracusan island of Ortygia, where she was transformed into a fresh water spring that still flows next to the sea. Arethusa often appears on coins from Syracuse, encircled by dolphins that symbolize the sea surrounding Ortygia (see also coins 91.029, 91.032, 91.033, 93.007). Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: F. B. Tarbell, “Eumenes or Eumenos?,” Classical Philology 8 (1913) 230-231; G. E. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia (Rome 1946), 201, no. 12, pl. 42; K. Jenkins, Ancient Greek Coins (New York 1972) 159-160; K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1976) 33-34. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.078 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, quadriga, horse, charioteer, Nike, Arethusa, dolphins, Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Syracuse, 43.16 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e4e68466cb5d565cb0b748b6d60276ae.jpg db0cc32b84efa05126746e01dc3479cc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Katane, Sicily Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 415-404 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing head of Apollo with laurel wreath; strung bow to the left; kithara to right, hidden behind head; beneath neck, ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝ: Apollo. Reverse: Quadriga with male charioteer racing to right past Ionic column, charioteer holding reins in both hands and goad in right; Nike flying to left above and holding wreath; crayfish to right in exergue. ΚΑΤΑΝΑΙΩΝ: of the Katanians. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) The city of Katane was colonized in the eighth century BCE by the people of Sicilian Naxos, itself a colony of Chalkis. Katane adopted Apollo, the patron deity of Chalkis, as its own patron deity. The tyrant Hieron of Syracuse moved the inhabitants of Katane and Naxos to the city of Leontinoi in 476 BCE. The people of Katane returned to their city in 461, following the tyrant’s death. The facing head of Apollo is shown on the obverse, the depiction clearly influenced by the famous facing heads on Syracusan coins of the time (see coins 93.007 and 93.005). The die for the obverse may have been signed by the engraver Choirion (ΧΟΙΡΙΟΝ) on the upper left side (Rizzo, fig. 24), but the coin was struck off-center, cutting off the inscription. Apollo’s head is crowned with laurel and flanked by his other attributes, behind and to the right of the head a kithara and behind and to the left, a strung bow. On the reverse, a quadriga races past a column while Nike crowns the charioteer. The choice of scene once again reveals the influence of Syracusan imagery, as racing quadrigas are commonly depicted on the obverses and reverses of Syracusan coins (see coins 91.029, 91.032, 91.033, 93.005, 93.007). The crayfish in the exergue is probably a local species. -- Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: G.E. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia (Rome 1946) 111-112, fig. 24, pl. 14, no. 13; A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum II: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 47, no. 34; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 224-225. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.077 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Apollo, bow, lyre, quadriga, horse, charioteer, Ionic column, Nike, charioteer,cray-fish, Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Katane (Catana), 16.94 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3720f561281460825dbf823a7a6d376e.jpg ee8e0dca2fa8cb174425edd8e3ceaee6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Naxos (Naxus), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 420-403 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Apollo to right; to left, laurel leaf with berry. ΝΑΞΙΩΝ: of the Naxians. Reverse: Nude Silenos seated, holding kantharos in right hand and thyrsos in left; to left, sprig of ivy with berries; to right, herm. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) Naxos, the oldest of the Greek colonies in Sicily (Thucydides, History, 6.3.1), was founded by Chalkidians from Euboea in 734 BCE. The Sicilian colony took its name from the Cycladic island of Naxos, whose inhabitants had helped in colonizing the city. In 476 BCE, the tyrant Hieron of Syracuse removed the inhabitants of Naxos to Leontinoi. The Naxians returned home in 461, after the tyrant’s death, and in the second half of the century produced a series of beautiful coins. A head of Apollo, the chief god of the Chalkidians, is depicted in profile on the obverse of the coin. He wears a wreath of laurel, his attribute, and a laurel leaf with a berry is shown to the left of the head. Apollo is not commonly shown on the coins of Naxos, although he is frequently depicted on the coins of Leontinoi (see coins 91.025, 91.026), which was colonized by Naxos in 729 BCE and for whom Apollo became the patron deity. Coins from Naxos instead often have its patron deity Dionysos on the obverse (see coin 93.004) and, as here, one of his wine-drinking companions, Silenos, on the reverse. Silenos squats and drinks from a kantharos in his right hand and holds a thyrsos – symbol of Dionysos – in his left hand. To the left is a sprig of ivy, another attribute of Dionysos, and on the right a herm (an apotropaic statue of a head on top of a square pillar with male genitals), possibly representing Dionysos himself, who was often represented as a herm. Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum II: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 120, no. 22; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 217-218, 225. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.076 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Apollo, laurel leag, berry, Silenos, kantharos, vine, fruit, thyrsos, herm, Naxos, Naxus, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Drachm of Naxos , 8.3 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b7f037c952131710de7ea501456b29fb.jpg 0b3c2a4b83c4d2885dd9924d0616b105 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thurium, Lucania, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 425-400 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Athena adorned with helmet bound in olive wreath. Reverse: Rushing bull; fish in exergue. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.012 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Bank Leu, June 15, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, goddess, Athena, helmet, wreath, bull, fish, Thurium, Lucania, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Stater of Thurium, Lucania, Italy, 8.02 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/56193f97f8e8c90ca897752ea7cf1c3f.jpg 95bfb1b2a616b3aaed9dafa43b5219ef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caracalla Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 209 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate and cuirassed bust of Caracalla; M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. Reverse: Caracalla and Geta standing and sacrificing over an altar; veiled figure stands, facing, behind altar; PONTIF TR P XII COS III; in exergue, S C. Style/Period: Roman Empire Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.202 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, March 11, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Caracalla, Geta, sacrifice, altar Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Caracalla, 22.85 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/14482a2206aa3c96a50eea1b26227a2e.jpg bc1c666bcbf3a0dcde165bf1e6681ec0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John I Tzimisces Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 969-976 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Christ with cross-nimbus, with right hand raised in blessing, left hand holding book; IhS(VS) X(P)I(STO)S REX REGNANTIVM: Jesus Christ, King of those who rule. Reverse: Facing busts of John on on left, wearing loros and crown with cross and holding patriarchal cross in left hand, and haloed Virgin on right, crowning John with right hand; Manus Dei above John's head, ΜΘ above head of Virgin; ΘΕΟΤΟC(Ε) ΡΟΗΘ(ΕΙ) ΙΩ(ΑΒΒHI) ΔΕΣ(ΠΟΤΗΙ): Mother of God, help the emperor John. Style/Period: Byzantine The brilliant general John Tzimisces gained the throne by murdering his predecessor, Nicephorus, with the help of Nicephorus' wife, who had become John's mistress and whom he was forced by the Church to send into exile as penance before he could be crowned. He was, however, a great emperor who in his short reign of only six years brought Bulgaria under Byzantine control, made peace with the western empire, and enlarged upon earlier Byzantine conquests in the Near East. The obverse of John's coins depicts the Christ Pantokrator of his predecessors' coins (see 91.288, 91.289), but the reverse introduces a new type. Nicephorus had first depicted himself with the Virgin on his reverses, but on John's coins she actively crowns the emperor. According to the conventions of Byzantine coinage, the Virgin should occupy the most important position on the left, as she does on Nicephorus' coins, but since she must crown the emperor with her right hand, on John's coins she has been moved to the right. Above John's head is the Manus Dei, the hand of God, which indicates that John's imperial authority is derived from God. This coin is a "tetarteron" or "quarter," a coin of lower weight than the solidus, which was introduced during the reign of Nicephorus (see 91.289). -- Eric N. Jurgens, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.290 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Christ, cross-nimbus, book, John, loros, crown, cross, Virgin, Mary, John I Tzimisces Title A name given to the resource Gold Tetarteron of John I Tzimisces, 4.06 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/534058c5de5fa69a0ef589130590d946.jpg ef8afbe963a34a78979671d32966d56c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicephorus II Phocas, Basil II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 963-969 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Christ with cross-nimbus, right hand raised in blessing, left holding book; IhS(VS) XP(ISTO)S REX REGNANTIVM: Jesus Christ, King of those who rule. Reverse: Facing busts of Nicephorus on left, wearing loros and crown with cross, and Basil II on right, wearing chlamys and crown with cross, both holding patriarchal cross between them; NICHFOP(VS) CE BASIL AVGG (AVGVSTI abbreviated) B(ASILEIS) R(OMAION): Nicephorus and Basil, Augusti, kings of the Romans. Style/Period: Byzantine At the premature death of Romanus II, his mother, Theophano, married the famous general Nicephorus II Phocas in order to ward off threats to her remaining two young sons. He is depicted here with the elder of the two, Basil II, who would eventually become one of the greatest Byzantine emperors. Nicephorus is shown to be the senior emperor by his position on the left, his more elaborate dress, and his slightly larger scale. On the obverse is a depiction of Christ Pantokrator done in a naturalistic style that contrasts greatly with the stylized imperial portraits of the reverse. During the reign of Nicephorus the gold coinage was divided into two types. The first retained the weight and appearance of the solidus; it would now be called the "histamenon" or "standard," of which this coin is an example. The second was a debased coin called the "tetarteron" or "quarter" owing to its lighter weight (see 91.290). The debasement was probably necessary to finance Nicephorus' ambitious military campaigns. This coin also demonstrates a gradual change from Latin to Greek in the inscriptions of Byzantine coins, with a sometimes confusing mixture of the two languages on a single coin; here even the spelling of Nicephorus' name uses both Latin and Greek letters. -- Eric N. Jurgens, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.289 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, October 18, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Christ, cross-nimbus, book, Nicephorus, loros, crown, cross, Basil II, chlamys, Nicephorus II Phocas Title A name given to the resource Gold Histamenon of Nicephorus II Phocas and Basil II, 4.35 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/447dbe80f7998f33147e95675128e702.jpg 9c15e3abe47d4f11e696190ee34c2c77 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constantine VII, Romanus II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 945-959 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Christ with cross-nimbus, right hand raised in blessing, left holding book: IhS(VS) XP(ISTO)S REX REGNANTIVM: Jesus Christ, King of those who rule. Reverse: Facing busts of Constantine on left, wearing loros and crown with cross, and Romanus on right, wearing chlamys and crown with cross, both holding patriarchal cross between them; CONSTANT(INVS) CE ROMAN(VS) AVGG (AVGVSTI abbreviated) B(ASILEIS) R(OMAION): Constantine and Romanus, Augusti, kings of the Romans. Style/Period: Byzantine Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus spent more than thirty years on the throne before he was able to take power from his regents in 945 CE; shortly afterward he made his son, Romanus II, co-emperor. Like his father, Leo VI, Constantine was a scholar, and he is best known not for his political or military exploits but for his encyclopedic scholarship and patronage of intellectual pursuits. This coin revives the bust of Christ Pantokrator, or Christ as the ruler of the universe, which had been introduced on some coins of Justinian II and which would be the main type on Byzantine coins for the next one hundred years. Constantine and Romanus appear in the conventional imperial portrait on the reverse, with Constantine designated senior emperor by his position on the left, by his more elaborate dress, and by his slightly larger scale. -- Eric N. Jurgens, LU '93 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908) 465.60; P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.288 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Edward Gans, Feb., 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Christ, cross-nimbus, book, Consatine, loros, crown, cross, Romanus, chlamys, Constantine VII, Romanus II Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Constantine VII and Romanus II, 4.37 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/d0487102e78829361304f1fa150d0b00.jpg e9427134e9a0532df834cd03822458ae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leo VI, Constantine VII Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 908-912 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Christ with cross-nimbus behind head, seated on lyre-backed throne, right hand raised in blessing, left holding book; IhS(VS) XP(ISTO)S REX REGNANTIVM: Jesus Christ, King of those who rule. Reverse: Standing facing figures of Leo VI on left and Constantine VII on right, each wearing loros and crown with cross and holding globus cruciger in outer hand and patriarchal cross between them; LEON ET CONSTANT(INVS) AVGG (AVGVSTI abbreviated) ROM(AION): Leo and Constantine, Augusti of the Romans. Style/Period: Byzantine Leo VI (the Wise) came to the throne in 886 CE, after his father, Basil I, died in a hunting accident (see 91.286). Leo was called "the Wise" not because he was a particularly sage ruler but because he was a noted scholar who finished the revision of the legal text, the Codex Justinianus, that Basil had begun, renaming it the Basilica for his father. For reasons not yet clearly understood, Leo VI apparently did not mint solidi for the first twenty years of his reign. The solidi from his last years continue with an improved version of the Christ enthroned introduced by his father (see 91.286) on the obverse and with standing portraits of Leo and his son Constantine VII, co-emperor after 908 CE, on the reverse. The portraits are interesting for their depiction of the complex wrapping of the loros. The figures continue the convention of showing the senior emperor in larger scale on the left, but Constantine is depicted as nearly grown, while he was in fact a small child. -- Eric N. Jurgens, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.287 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Edward Gans, February 9, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Christ, cross-nimbus, thrown, book, Leo VI, Consantine VII, loros, crown, cross, globus cruciger, Leo VI, Constantine VII Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Leo VI and Constantine VII, 4.37 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b78c911be058c27a8b88916c8293156e.tif 06794163daaa8fc1e767aa58d9098836 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Basil I, Constantine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 867-879 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Christ with cross-nimbus behind head, seated on lyre-backed throne, right hand raised in blessing, left holding book; IhS(VS) XP(ISTO)S REX REGNANTIVM: Jesus Christ, King of those who rule. Reverse: Facing busts of Basil on left, wearing loros and crown with cross, and Constantine on right, wearing chlamys and crown with cross, both holding patriarchal cross between them; BASILIOS ET CONSTANT(INVS) AVGG (AVGVSTI abbreviated) b(ASILEIS): Basil and Constantine, Augusti, kings. Style/Period: Byzantine Basil I, a peasant fortune hunter from Macedonia who rose from the position of groom in the imperial stables to co-emperor under the patronage of Michael III, murdered his mentor in 867 CE and founded the Macedonian dynasty. Basil was an effective ruler; his armies were successful against the Arabs, his diplomacy kept the Bulgars at bay, and late in his lifetime he began a revision of the great legal text, the Codex Justinianus. Iconoclasm, the official condemnation of the veneration of icons, was reversed in 843 CE and soon afterward Michael III re-introduced the bust of Christ on his coins. Basil also introduced a new type, Christ enthroned, one of the few images on Byzantine coins that can probably be traced to a work of art in another medium, the mosaic over the imperial doorway of the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. The type endured for nearly a century, and from this point onward Christ, the Virgin, or a saint would become standard types for the obverses of Byzantine coins. In order to secure his dynasty, Basil made his sons co-emperors. The reverse depicts Basil and his eldest and favorite son, Constantine, according to the usual conventions of imperial portraits, with Basil identified as the senior ruler by his scale, position on the left, and the more ornate garment, the loros. Constantine died prematurely in 879 CE and Basil fell into a deep depression and died in a hunting accident in 886 CE. -- Eric N. Jurgens, LU '93 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908) 436.2; P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.286 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Edward Gans, February 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byantine, Christ, cross-nimbus, thrown, book, Basil, loros, crown, cross, Consantine, chlamys, Basil I Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Basil I and Constantine, 4.34 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/526601caef4477e4cff11874a25f5938.jpg 4521acfd6337279c457761a417177463 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Irene Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 797-802 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Irene, wearing loros and crown with cross and holding cross scepter in left hand and globus cruciger in right; EIRINH bASILISSH: Queen Eirene. Reverse: Facing bust of Irene, wearing loros and crown with cross and holding cross scepter in left hand and globus cruciger in right; EIRINH bASILISSH: Queen Eirene. Style/Period: Byzantine When Leo IV died in 780 CE, his son, Constantine VI, was made emperor, but since he was only ten years old the empress Irene was made co-emperor. As Constantine grew older, more independent, and reckless, he and his mother struggled for power, and Irene finally had him blinded and deposed. She then became the first Byzantine empress to rule in her own right. She was deposed by Nicephorus I and sent into exile. Irene was diplomatically and fiscally inept, but she made her mark by rejecting iconoclasm, the official condemnation of the cult of icons, for which she was eventually made a saint of the Orthodox Church. Her reform was short-lived, however, for iconoclasm was reinstated after her deposition. Although in her brief reign religious images were once again permitted, she did not attempt to put them on her coins. Since she could not claim dynastic connections to the emperor she had deposed, she put her own portrait on both the obverse and reverse of her coins. She wears the full imperial dress, including the loros and the characteristic crown of empresses, which has pyramidal spikes and very long prependulia or ornamental chains. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.283 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Numismatic Fine Arts, 3/1/1979. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Irene, loros, crown, cross, cross scepter, globus cruciger Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Irene, 4.37 g.