6 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3602d504360c9b9fe4b25162d4acbcfc.jpg cc8c112e5bb6c1d8f43c4637bc404f20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tiberius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 15-37 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Tiberius facing right; TI(BERIVS) CAESAR DIVI AVG(VSTI) F(ILIVS) Reverse: Seated female figure (Livia or Pax?) facing right, holding scepter in right hand and branch in left hand; PONTIF(EX) MAXIM(VS): pontifex maximus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Tiberius, born in 42 BCE, became the stepson of the future Augustus when his mother, Livia, married Octavian in 38 BCE When it became clear that Augustus intended his grandsons, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, as his heirs, Tiberius went into morose exile on Rhodes, but after the untimely deaths of the two boys Augustus adopted Tiberius, and he became a loyal and successful general in Augustus' wars in Germany. When Augustus died in 14 CE, Tiberius inherited the throne. He deified Augustus immediately after his death and pursued Augustan policies with little change. He assumed the office of pontifex maximus, the chief priest of Rome, in 15 CE. His reign was relatively peaceful, spent largely in Rome and in seclusion in his villas on the island of Capri. He died in 37 CE at the age of seventy-eight. From the age of four Tiberius had lived in the shadow of Augustus, and his gold and silver coinage concentrates almost exclusively on his relationship to his divine predecessor and other members of his family and on personifications of imperial virtues. The coins have none of the references to imperial achievements that had characterized the coinage of Augustus. Even his portrait shows strong Augustan influence, probably another way of emphasizing the relationship and the legitimacy of his succession. The hairstyle, with its locks combed down on the forehead, is very similar, as is the general idealized quality. He differs from Augustus, however, in his broad forehead and very large eyes, noted by the biographer Suetonius (Tiberius, 68). The reverse depicts a seated figure, sometimes identified as Tiberius' mother Livia and sometimes as Pax, the personification of peace, with her standard attributes, a scepter and palm branch. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69. rev. ed. (London 1984) 25. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.118 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Abner Kreisberg. October 2, 1974. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Tiberius, female, Livia, Pax, scepter, branch Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Tiberius, 7.74 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/5173ec07592af5ccd1606e37dc9d2f61.jpg e5c82a66e9230909407970289fc40bf6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gaius Germanicus (Caligula) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 39-40 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and veiled Pietas seated facing left, holding patera in right and resting left on small figure forming part of seat; C(AIVS) CAESAR DIVI AVG(VSTI) PRON(EPOS) AVG(VSTVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) III P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Gaius Caesar, great-grandson of Divine Augustus, Augustus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the third time, father of the country; in exergue, PIETAS: Pietas. Reverse: Before hexastyle garlanded temple surmounted by quadriga, Gaius, togate and veiled, sacrifices with patera over garlanded altar; attendant to left leads bull to altar; attendant to right holds patera; DIVO-AVG(VSTO): to Divine Augustus; S(ENATVS)- C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire The emperor Tiberius was succeeded by Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, the only male member of the family of the popular Germanicus to survive the plots of Tiberius and his adviser, Sejanus, who had feared their interference with the succession. Officially known as Gaius Caesar, he accompanied his father on his assignment at the Rhine frontier, where the soldiers nicknamed him Caligula or Little Boot for the miniature military outfit he wore there. As emperor he became increasingly autocratic, cruel, and extravagant, and his troops assassinated him in 41 CE. Few of Caligula's coins refer to specific events in his reign, emphasizing instead his family and particularly his relationship to Augustus. On the obverse of this sestertius the usual portrait of the emperor has been replaced by the personification Pietas, who refers particularly to the obligation to honor the family. The legend specifically identifies Caligula's relationship to Augustus, and on the reverse the emperor sacrifices to Augustus in front of the Temple of Divine Augustus, which was begun by Tiberius but dedicated by Caligula in 37 CE. This coin type was first issued in 37 CE to commemorate the dedication of the temple and later revived. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 44; P.V. Hill, The Monuments of Rome as Coin Types (London 1989) 19-21. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.128 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, August 12, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Pietas, patera, temple, quadriga, Gaius, Caligula, sacrifice, altar, bull Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Gaius (Caligula), 27.44 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/36e88efbe70eb73fc3ec07b6f6a820af.jpg a57d3b928d8f5cbfecb3ab1f160a0169 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2 BCE- c. 14 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Augustus facing right; CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F(ILIVS) PATER PATRIAE: Caesar Augustus, son of a god (the Divine Julius Caesar), father of the country. Reverse: Gaius and Lucius Caesar facing, togate and veiled, each holding shield, spear; in field above, simpulum and lituus; C(AIVS) L(VCIVS) CAESARES in exergue, AVGVSTI F(ILII) CO(N)S(VLES) DESIG(NATI) PRINC(IPES) IVVENT(VTIS): Gaius and Lucius Caesar, sons of Augustus, consuls designate, leaders among the youth. Style/Period: Roman, Empire Since the emperor Augustus had no sons, he adopted his grandsons, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, the sons of his only child Julia and his old friend and close associate Marcus Agrippa. The emperor was very attached to the boys and granted them titles and positions of authority from an early age. The titles given the boys on the reverse of this coin announce that Augustus intended them to succeed him. Although Augustus was at least sixty years old when this coin was issued, his portrait on the obverse remains that of the youthful Augustus. On the reverse are Gaius and Lucius with the silver shields and spears that accompany the title princeps iuventutis or leader among the youth, an honorary title designating the heir to the throne. Between them are sacrifical inplements, a simpulum or ladle and a lituus or curved staff used in augury; Gaius was made a pontifex or priest and Lucius an augur or soothsayer. The earliest year in which this coin could have been issued was 2 BCE, when Augustus received the new honorific title pater patriae, father of the country; almost all emperors would henceforth receive the title upon coming into power. On the same occasion, Lucius was designated a future consul, one of the two principal magistrates of the state, and made princeps iuventutis; his older brother, Gaius, had received the same honors in 5 BCE Although Lucius and Gaius died prematurely, in 2 and 4 CE respectively, the coins commemorating their elevation were issued until late in the reign of Augustus. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 206. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.109 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, February 29, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Augustus, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, togate, shield, spear, simpulum, lituus, Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Augustus, 7.88 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/62b1284b5a4a23661f3a69883cd6f6ef.jpg c45573ea438bcf85c719b836fa31a63c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vitellius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 69 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and laureate head of Vitellius facing right; A(VLVS) VITELLIVS GERMAN(ICVS) IMP(ERATOR) AVG(VSTVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE): Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, imperator, Augustus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power. Reverse: Lucius Vitellius, togate and bare-headed, seated facing left on platform, clasping hand of first of three togate citizens standing before him; behind them, a togate citizen seated facing right; in exergue, S(ENATVS) C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; L(VCIVS) VITELL(IVS) CENSOR II: Lucius Vitellius, censor for the second time. Style/Period: Roman Empire Aulus Vitellius Germanicus was one of three men who quickly rose and fell from the rank of Augustus in 69 CE. He initially came into high office through the influence of his distinguished father, Lucius. He was governor of Lower Germany when the revolt against Nero began, and the troops that at first supported Galba quickly switched their allegiance to him. After the death of Galba and the proclamation of Otho, his army defeated Otho's, and after Otho's suicide the Senate recognized Vitellius. He attempted to abdicate when Vespasian's troops moved against him, but the offer was refused, and he was put to death by Vespasian after only eight months in power. Like Galba, Vitellius preferred realism in his portraits. His coins show a middle-aged man (he was fifty-six when he died) with a short military haircut. The flabby cheeks, double chin, and huge neck confirm reports of his obesity. The emperor's father, Lucius, had married into the family of Augustus and was far more distinguished than his son. He was consul under Augustus and Claudius and was made censor in 49 CE. His son celebrated both his father's consular and censorial offices on his coins. On the reverse of this sestertius Vitellius depicts his father in his position as censor. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 134. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.016 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 16-Dec-1992. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Vitellius, Lucius Vitellius, togate, citizens Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Vitellius, 24.44 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3426cf51545ef2741eae160d5fcf0347.jpg 683bbf6cbdd68d019ea47d920dacf5fa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vespasian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 71 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Vespasian facing right; IMP(ERATOR) CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus. Reverse: Aequitas standing facing left, with scale in right hand and rod in left hand; TR(IBVNICIA) POT(ESTATE) CO(N)S(VL) III: with tribunician power, consul for the third time. Style/Period: Roman Empire The emperor Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus) had a successful military career under Claudius and Nero. He was the last of four men acclaimed emperor in the troubled year 68-69 CE, and with his sons, Titus and Domitian, he founded a new dynasty, the Flavians. Because he came into power following a period of unrest and because he intended some necessary and unpopular reforms, Vespasian was careful to dissociate himself from his discredited predecessors and to undertake works for the benefit of the Roman public. He continued the reconstruction of part of the city that burned in the fire of 64 CE, he began the Flavian Amphitheater (later known as the Colosseum) as an arena for public entertainment on land reclaimed from Nero's extravagant estate, and he completed the Temple of Divine Claudius, which Nero had failed to finish, as a way of dissociating himself from Nero while paying homage to the rest of the Julio-Claudians. Vespasian's portraits, like those of Galba and Vitellius, break with the Julio-Claudian tradition and return to a harsh realism reminiscent of the veristic portraits of the late republic (see 91.106), no doubt as a further means of dissociating himself from Nero. Vespasian was sixty when he became emperor, and in his portraits he looks his age, heavy-set and bald, with a broad, deeply lined forehead, deep creases around his eyes and mouth, and lines ringing his neck. His tight-lipped mouth, hooked nose, and protruding chin give him a tough look. The reverse of his coin depicts Aequitas, the personification of equity or fairness, particularly in business transactions. Here she appears with her usual attributes, the scales and measuring rod that ensure fair transactions. Her appearance on the coins of Vespasian at this time probably refers to the fair administration of grain distribution. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 12. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.147 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Vespasian, Aequitas, scale Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Vespasian, 7.22 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f1ee3fb321da281a076442cf8e159229.jpg 4ae314f009903736df597bd0dd11e404 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vespasian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 72 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Vespasian facing right; IMP(ERATOR) CAES(AR) VESP(ASIANVS) AVG(VSTVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) CO(N)S(VL) IIII: Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, pontifex maximus, consul for the fourth time. Reverse: Neptune facing left, nude but for cape, with right foot on globe, acrostolium in right hand, trident in left; NEP(TVNVS) RED(VX): Neptune the Returner. Style/Period: Roman Empire The most important military event in the reign of Vespasian was the capture of Jerusalem by his son Titus in 70 CE. Jerusalem had held out when Vespasian himself had earlier subdued the rest of Judaea. The victory solidified Flavian power in Rome, and in 71 CE the victory of Titus was turned into a joint triumph for Vespasian and Titus. The triumph included a procession carrying the spoils taken from the Temple in Jerusalem, an event later recorded on reliefs on the Arch of Titus in Rome. The reverse of this aureus celebrates the return of Titus from Jerusalem with a depiction of Neptune, god of the sea, characterized in the coin's legend as the Returner. He holds his usual attributes, a trident and an acrostolium or bow ornament of a ship. The portrait on the obverse shows Vespasian's preference for realism, probably an attempt to commend himself as a man of the people. He is depicted as heavy-set and balding, with a lined face and neck and with the broad forehead, hooked nose, and prominent chin that make his one of the most easily recognizable imperial portraits. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 46. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.148 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Abner Kreisberg, 1971. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Vespasian, Neptune, globe, acrostolium, trident Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Vespasian, 6.32 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/65282c51977593bbed9bdc60d85c663e.jpg 2d36642815f2de05d2c17d12b37b32f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Titus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 80 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Titus seated facing left amid arms, holding branch in right hand; S(ENATVS)- C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; IMP(ERATOR) T(ITVS) CAES(AR) VESP(ASIANVS) AVG(VSTVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE) CO(N)S(VL) VIII: Imperator Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, father of the country, consul for the eighth time. Reverse: The Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum), Meta Sudans to left. Style/Period: Roman Empire The most well-known landmark in Rome, the Flavian Amphitheater, better known by its medieval name, the Colosseum, was begun by Vespasian in 71 CE on land reclaimed for the people from an artificial lake in the gardens of Nero's Golden House. Work on it was continued by Titus, who dedicated it in 80 CE with opening games lasting 100 days. The largest amphitheater in antiquity, it could hold 50,000 spectators and was used for the most popular types of entertainment at the time, beast fights and gladiatorial contests. The bird's-eye view of the Colosseum on the reverse of this sestertius of Titus, issued to celebrate the opening, shows the amphitheater packed with people. To the left is the tall, conical fountain known as the Meta Sudans, which stood in the vicinity. Titus seated amid captured arms, a general reference to his successful military campaigns, replaces the usual portrait head or bust on the obverse. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 110; P.V. Hill, The Monuments of Ancient Rome as Coin Types (London 1989). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk 06/22/93. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Titus, branch, Flavian Amphitheater, Colosseum, Meta Sudans Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Titus, 21.83 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/a8851ec4c4192d9cd6ce33c2f9a16468.jpg 0c5f9cc45fb0a14f3bd19116ad34665c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Domitian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 85 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Domitian facing right; IMP(ERATOR) CAES(AR) DOMITIANVS AVG(VSTVS) GERMANIC(VS): Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus. Reverse: Minerva advancing to right, with spear raised in right hand and shield in left hand; P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) POT(ESTATE) IIII IMP(ERATOR) VIII CO(N)S(VL) XI P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the fourth time, imperator for the eighth time, consul for the eleventh time, father of the country. Style/Period: Roman Empire Domitian (T. Flavius Domitianus), the second son of the emperor Vespasian, succeeded his brother Titus in 81 CE. Although he was a successful military leader and a prolific builder, he depleted the treasury with his extravagances, and he was an autocratic megalomaniac not unlike Nero, inspiring numerous conspiracies before the successful plot to murder him in 96 CE. The unusual accumulation of titles on his coins is characteristic of his insistence upon extraordinary honors and prerogatives. Domitian regarded Minerva as his patron goddess, and she appears very frequently on the reverses of his coins (see also no. 86). He built a temple dedicated to her, she was featured on a number of monuments of his reign, and he was even said to have kept a shrine to her in his bedroom. On the reverse of this aureus she appears in her role as war goddess, wearing her aegis and helmet and advancing on her invisible foe with spear and shield raised. Domitian's portraits continue in the same realistic vein as those of his father and brother. He shares their characteristic hooked nose, but he is distinguished from them by his relative youth and leanness and by his protruding upper lip. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 52. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.152 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from L.S. Werner, March 2, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Domitian, Minerva, spea, shield Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Domitian, 7.73 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7124e32d5ebcabf929e6ba8fc73d6238.jpg d6722ebb287a50c8299a1d4819bcd734 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Domitian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 85 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Domitian with aegis facing right; IMP(ERTAOR) CAES(AR) DOMIT(IANVS) AVG(VSTVS) GERM(ANICVS) CO(N)S(VL) XI CENS(ORIA) POT(ESTATE) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus, consul for the eleventh time, with the power of the censorship, father of the country. Reverse: Domitian, draped and veiled, standing facing left with patera in right hand, sacrificing over altar; behind, shrine with statue of Minerva; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire Domitian's devotion to the goddess Minerva is expressed at its fullest on the reverse of this sestertius of 85 CE (see also 91.152). Domitian himself, veiled in the manner of a priest, pours from a patera or offering bowl onto a lighted altar. In the background is a small open shrine and in it a statue of the goddess holding her spear and one of her attributes, an owl. The name Germanicus, acquired as a result of his defeat of the Chatti in Germany in the previous year, suggests that the offering is in gratitude for his military success. In the portrait on the obverse, Domitian wears an aegis, a shawl-like garment that is a regular attribute of Minerva. It is sometimes also worn by emperors, especially those like Domitian who are particularly associated with the goddess. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 283. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.154 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, August 12, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Domitian, aegis, patera, sacrifice, altar, shrine, Minerva Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Domitian, 28.20 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/d6a656e51bf23021a165100cf8f7f8e8.jpg 48f425affea0f1b1bd9ca5e6361c9a71 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Domitian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 90-91 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Domitian facing right; DOMITIANVS AVGVSTVS: Domitianus Augustus. Reverse: Defeated, partly nude female (Germania?) seated facing right on shield, left hand raised to head in attitude of mourning; broken spear below; GERMANICVS CO(N)S(VL) XV: Germanicus, consul for the fifteenth time. Style/Period: Roman Empire Domitian made much of his military career, the highlight of which was his victory over the Chatti in Germany, a campaign that he led himself and that extended the western frontier beyond the Rhine. For these victories he received the name Germanicus, "conqueror of the Germans," in 83/84 CE and a triumph that included the construction of a triumphal arch. The victory was also celebrated very explicitly on coins for a number of years after the event, perhaps because he continued to deal successfully with other tribes in the area in this period; the date of this coin is set by Domitian's fifteenth consulship. The reverse of this aureus depicts a female figure, her nudity suggesting that she is a personification of Germany, sitting dejectedly on a shield, with a broken spear at her feet. The prominence of the name Germanicus in the legend identifies the defeated. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 164. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.153 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, August 29, 1989. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Domitian, female, shield, spear Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Domitian, 7.56 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/8ebd9ad8daa35a56c4ff9a4147730db5.jpg 44d8bafc6d45e6813d2e29edfdaa3b29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Domitian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 90-91 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Domitian facing right.; IMP(ERATOR) CAES(AR) DOMIT(IANVS) AVG(VSTVS) GERM(ANICVS) CO(N)S(VL) XV CENS(OR) PER(PETVVS) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus, consul for the fifteenth time, censor in perpetuity, father of the country. Reverse: Jupiter seated facing left, holding Victoria in right hand and scepter in left; IOVI VICTORI: to Jove Victorious; in exergue, S(ENATVS) C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire The reverse of this sestertius depicts the chief Roman god, Jove or Jupiter, with the epithet "Victorious," apparently a general reference to Domitian's success in securing the western and northern frontiers at this time. Although Minerva as his patron deity was usually the object of Domitian's thank offerings, Jupiter was also a pre-eminent war god who occupied a special position in the empire as protector of the emperor. Domitian replaced the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline that burned in 80 CE with a magnificent building with gilded doors and roof, and he also rebuilt the Temple of Jupiter Tonans, probably also damaged in the same fire. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 388. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.155 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman Empire, Domitian, Jupiter, Victoria, scepter Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Domitian, 24.23 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/022a9efe8d6f4c4f88dedc54caac11b8.jpg 04b33e880c7fb64bdfad11bcfa052d2f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nerva Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 97 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Nerva facing right; IMP(ERATOR) NERVA CAES(AR) AVG(VSTVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) POT(ESTATE) II: Imperator Nerva Caesar Augustus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the second time. Reverse: Pontifical intruments; CO(N)S(VL) III PATER PATRIAE: consul for the third time, father of the country. Style/Period: Roman Empire Following the murder of the hated Domitian, the elderly and distinguished senator M. Cocceius Nerva was made emperor. Widely admired for his justice and experience, he was a safe choice in the troubled times. Nerva was a mild-mannered emperor whose reign was peaceful and beneficent, particularly concerned with programs for improving the lot of the poor. His wise choice of Trajan as his successor is often considered his greatest achievement. Nerva died of natural causes after only sixteen months in power. Nerva's coin portraits display an odd mixture of idealization, in the form of a healthy Julio-Claudian head of hair, and harsh realism, in his distinctive profile with its sloping forehead, large hooked nose, and prominent Adam's apple. The reverses of Nerva's coins use for the most part conservative, general types proclaiming peace, justice, and piety. The priestly instruments depicted here, a simpulum or ladle, sprinkler, jug, and lituus or augur's staff, were often used as tokens of the emperor's status as pontifex maximus, chief priest of the Roman state. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 34. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.156 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nerva, simpulum, sprinkler, jug, and lituus Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Nerva, 7.46 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/8adabade4ce75d5ef9d5280211db9483.jpg b85d8dc7d1dc2f6ba3973f6c24c0196e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Trajan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 103-111 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped, cuirassed, and laureate bust of Trajan facing right; IMP(ERATORI) TRAIANO AVG(VSTO) GER(MANICO) DAC(ICO) P(ONTIFICI) M(AXIMO) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) CO(N)S(VLI) V P(ATRI) P(ATRIAE): To Imperator Trajan Augustus, conqueror of the Germans, conqueror of the Dacians, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, consul for the fifth time, father of the country. Reverse: Within oak wreath, S(ENATVS) P(OPVLVS)Q(VE) R(OMANVS) OPTIMO PRINCIPI: the Senate and People of Rome, to the best princeps. Style/Period: Roman Empire Under the emperor Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus), who was first and foremost a military ruler, the Roman empire reached its greatest territorial extent. For his conquests of the Germans, Dacians, and Parthians he was awarded the titles Germanicus, Dacicus, and Parthicus, but like Augustus he preferred the more modest title princeps or leader. Also like Augustus, whom he emulated in many respects, he was respected by the Senate. Although he spent much of his time in the field with his troops, Trajan sponsored major buildings and public works, both in Rome and in the provinces. He celebrated his victories with lavish donations to the people and public entertainments, and like Nerva he showed concern for the conditions of the poor. He died returning from action in the East in 117 CE and was immediately deified. The most significant aspect of Trajan's portrait is his hairstyle, with its curved locks over the forehead, a deliberate imitation of the hair of Augustus (see 91.115). In depicting himself this way, Trajan dissociated himself from the Flavians and recalled a period of expansion and stability in the empire. Although Trajan's portraits do not depict him as eternally youthful in the manner of Augustus, he is nevertheless idealized to the extent that he ages very little. The reverse of this coin depicts the oak wreath, the corona civica or civic crown that the Senate awarded him in 98 CE and that is another allusion to Augustus, who had been awarded it by the Senate in 27 BCE (see 91.115). Within it is a dedication to the optimus princeps, the best princeps, an honorary title awarded Trajan by the Senate. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 150. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.158 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from L.S. Werner, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, cuirass, Trajan, oak wreath Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Trajan, 7.06 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/8f522bae736bc288afccd403b1c8fcf8.jpg 654d284ea7f335bb9c554ba5a7c1ece6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hadrian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 117-118 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and diademed bust of Plotina facing right; PLOTINAE AVG(VSTAE): To Plotina Augusta. Reverse: Draped, cuirassed, and laureate head of Divine Trajan facing right; DIVO TRAIANO PARTH(ICO) AVG(VSTO) PATRI: To Divine Trajan, conqueror of the Parthians, Augustus, Father. Style/Period: Roman Empire Pompeia Plotina, the greatly respected wife of Trajan, was a woman of modesty and dignity. When first offered the title Augusta she refused it, accepting it only in 105 CE. Plotina accompanied her husband on his last campaign in the East, and when he died on the return she was rumored to have been responsible for the adoption of her favorite, Hadrian, as Trajan's heir. She died in 121 CE and was deified by Hadrian. Both Trajan and Hadrian put portraits of Plotina on their coins, Hadrian at the time of his accession and the deification of Trajan in 117-118 CE. The prominence of his adopted parents in his earliest coinage suggests a concern with the new emperor's relationship to them and with the legitimacy of his succession. The portrait of Plotina on the obverse of this coin depicts an austere-looking woman of middle age, with a lined forehead, sagging chin and one of the complex, baroque hairstyles popular among court women at this time. She wears a ribbon on her forehead, behind which a high wave of hair is held in place by her diadem. Behind that her hair is plaited in strands that fall down her back and are then doubled up and held in a knot at the nape of her neck. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 29. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.161 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Abner Kreisberg Jan. 18, 1961. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Plotina, cuirass, Divine Trajan, Hadrian Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Hadrian, 7.09 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/5b4fb24719a60c9fedb050d3f03d6ba9.jpg 7d82fa938a4d097771cf2fd33aff0063 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hadrian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 125-128 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate and draped bust of Hadrian facing right; HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS: Hadrianus Augustus. Reverse: Wolf suckling Romulus and Remus; CO(N)S(VL) III: consul for the third time. Style/Period: Roman Empire Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus) was a cousin of Trajan, who became his guardian after the death of his father. He was an intellectual with a profound love of Greek culture. Hadrian put an end to Trajan's expansionist policy and spent much of his reign travelling the empire, consolidating its defenses and supervising affairs in the provinces. He was a great builder whose contributions to Roman architecture include the Pantheon in Rome and his magnificent villa at Tivoli. He died in 138 CE and was immediately deified by the Senate. Hadrian's portraits are an important turning point in the history of Roman portraiture because he was the first emperor to wear a beard; almost all emperors until the fourth century would do so as well. It was rumored that he wore the beard to hide his bad complexion, but it was more likely an adoption of Greek custom; he was a great patron of Athens, and he was nicknamed Graeculus or Greekling for his love of the Greeks. The reverse of this aureus refers to the legendary founding of Rome. It depicts the twin founders of the city, Romulus and Remus, being suckled by the she-wolf who found them after they had been abandoned. The type has a long history in Roman coinage, beginning in the third century BCE. According to the legend, Romulus and Remus were descendants of Aeneas, who had fled the destruction of Troy and established a dynasty at Alba Longa in Italy. Its last king was overthrown by his brother, who had the king's daughter made a Vestal Virgin to ensure that she would have no heirs. When she did have the twins by the god Mars, her uncle set them adrift on the Tiber. They landed at the future site of Rome, where they were cared for by the she-wolf until they were adopted and raised by a shepherd. When they were grown they returned to Alba Longa, restored their grandfather to his throne, and then set out to establish their own city. Romulus killed Remus in a dispute and became the sole ruler of the city named after him. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage II: Vespasian to Hadrian (London 1926) 192. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.165 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Münzen und Medaillen, 1976. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Hadrian, wolf, Romulus, Remus Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Hadrian, 7.28 g.