3 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/899b1af5fe904ec61af27875a788359e.jpg ecff7397aceb751789f78605b9136e9b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cyrene (Kyrene), Kyrenaica, Libya Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource early 3rd Century BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of horned Apollo Karneios facing left Reverse: Silphium plant; monogram left, eight-pointed star right; ΚΥ - ΡΑ [ΝΑΙΟΝ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΩΝ]: of Ptolemaic Kyrene. Style/Period: Greek (ancient), Hellenistic Kyrenaica was on a plateau in present-day Libya, settled by Greeks from the island of Thera about 630 BCE Its principal city was Kyrene. Ptolemy I Soter of Egypt acquired the territory in 322 BCE, and it was under Egyptian control for much of its history (see 91.099). The obverse of this coin depicts Apollo Karneios, whose cult was brought to Kyrene by the Greeks and who was the principal deity of the city after Zeus Ammon. The epithet Karneios is obscure, but probably ultimately derived from the Greek word for horn, and refers to the horns of this particular manifestation of Apollo, a herdman or pastoral deity. The city's wealth depended upon the now-extinct silphium plant, grown only in Kyrene, which became the regular device for the city's coins. Its stalk was eaten as a vegetable, and the sap from its stem and root was used as a seasoning, a perfume, and a contraceptive drug. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles) 296-299. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.102 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought at Stack's auction September 13, 1973. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Apollo Karneios, Silphium plant, star, Cyrene, Kyrene, Kyrenaica, Libya Title A name given to the resource Silver Didrachm of Cyrene (Kyrene), Kyrenaica, Libya, 7.74 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/615e42336428bef75a334a2f3d025dca.jpg 5e9f980e3f7acc070a2acc7f03b33330 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cyrene (Kyrene), Kyrenaica, Libya Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 331-323 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Zeus Ammon facing left Reverse: Head of Kyrene facing right, wearing single-pendant earring and necklace; monogram in left field. Style/Period: Greek (ancient), Hellenistic In the winter of 332/31 BCE, the Kyrenaians entered into an alliance with Alexander the Great, and from that time until it was acquired by Ptolemaic Egypt the city of Kyrene issued a series of gold staters and smaller denominations, including this tenth of a stater with the head of Zeus Ammon on the obverse and a female head, perhaps the nymph Kyrene, on the reverse. Ammon was the chief imperial god of ancient Egypt, who became known to the Greeks through their colonization of Kyrene and identified with their chief god Zeus. His was the most important cult in Kyrene, where a Hellenized version of him was worshiped as Zeus Ammon. In Greek cities he was usually depicted as a Zeus-like figure but with the ram's horns of the Egyptian Ammon added. Kyrene was a nymph admired by Apollo for wrestling a lion. He carried her off to Libya, where the city of Kyrene was named for her. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 296-297; B.V. Head, Historia Numorum (Oxford 1911) 864-871. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.103 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Abner Kreisberg, February 24, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Zeus Ammon, Kyrene, Cyrene, Kyrenaica, Libya Title A name given to the resource Gold 1/10 Stater of Cyrene (Kyrene), Kyrenaica, Libya, 0.86 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f4846dfb5a83814814646baf3324d27b.jpg c47d72bd8b1b82063668f6d025060c9c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aenus (Ainos), Thrace, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 380 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing head of Hermes wearing petasos. Reverse: In incuse, goat facing right.; astragalos below; amphora in right field; AINION: of the Ainians. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) In the first half of the fourth century BCE, the coins of Ainos retain the types established in the fifth century, the head of Hermes on the obverse and his symbol the goat on the reverse, but the head of Hermes is now almost facing rather than profile (see 91.044). The immediate inspiration for the change was probably the near-facing head of Apollo on the coins of Amphipolis (see 93.008), a type introduced in the late fifth century, but the Amphipolitan type must have been inspired by the famous facing Arethusa of Kimon (see 93.007), which shortly before appeared on the coins of Syracuse and which influenced die-cutters all over the Greek world (see 91.018, 91.064, 91.085, 91.088, 93.006, 93.008, 93.009). Some changes were introduced to the reverses as well. The reverse as a whole is still incuse, but no longer framed by the square of the earlier coins. The goat is now accompanied by the complete name of the town and by multiple symbols in the field, which signal a change of issue. The symbols in this case are a pointed amphora or two-handled pot and an astragalos, a rectangular knucklebone often used as a die or gaming piece. --Peter A. Martens, LU '96 Bibliography: J.M.F. May, Ainos, its history and coinage (Oxford 1950). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.045 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bank Leu, 1982. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, god, Hermes, petasos, goat, astragalos, amphora, Aenus, Ainos, Thrace, Turkey Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Aenus (Ainos), Thrace, Turkey, 15.87 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/ec9e3705a9dae68558230deef5783474.jpg 6191e4af372b66b28b82dd6c12c38bc4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Athens, Attica, Greece Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 450-440 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Archaistic head of Athena facing right, wearing helmet with laurel leaves. Reverse: Owl; olive leaves, berry, waning moon in upper left; ΑΘΕ: Athens abbreviated. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Athenian coinage, which began relatively early, at first consisted of coins now known by the German term Wappenmünzen or "heraldic coins," because they depicted a wide range of types once thought to be emblems of powerful Athenian families, although a number of other explanations for the different types have now been put forward. These coins, which were not issued in large numbers and which rarely circulated outside Attica, were replaced toward the end of the sixth century B.C. by a new type of coinage, consisting primarily of tetradrachms, which became the most authoritative coinage of Classical Greece. In contrast to the constantly changing types of the Wappenmünzen, the new coins consistently depicted Athena, the patron goddess of Athens, on the obverse and her attribute the owl, a sprig of olive, and a crescent moon on the reverse. Popularly known as "owls," they were also clearly marked as Athenian, probably because they, unlike the Wappenmünzen, were intended for wide circulation. The owls were soon issued in very large numbers, thanks to the exploitation of Athens' rich silver mines at Laurion. By the time this tetradrachm was issued, approximately 75 years had elapsed since the first owls were produced, yet the style of the types had changed very little, probably so that the consistent, unchanging nature of the issues ensured continued acceptance in foreign markets. This owl comes from the High Classical period, yet the head of Athena, with its frontal eye, patterned hair, and "archaic" smile, is archaistic. These very features render fifth-century owls somewhat difficult to date, but slight changes over time allow them to be dated stylistically. --Peter A. Martens, LU '96 Bibliography: C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 63-77, pl. 11. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.069 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Edward Gans, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Athena, helmet, owl, olive leaves, berry, moon, Athens, Attica, Greece Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Athens, Attica, Greece, 17.19 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/9df726bd4be608125d823a39f3e7bab6.jpg 9733f4bd284c21c035496e63cf1db3c4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cnidus (Knidos), Caria, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 520-490 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Forepart of lion facing right. Reverse: In incuse square, head of Aphrodite facing right. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Knidos was a Greek colony in southwestern Asia Minor, situated partly on the mainland and partly on an island connected to it with two moles. Its harbor and location made it an important port. Knidos was part of a federation of six neighboring cities (including Lindos, Kamiros and Ialysos on Rhodes, and Kos and Halikarnassos) called the Dorian Hexapolis. The coinage of Knidos begins in the late sixth century BCE and consists mostly of drachms. The images on Knidian coins refer to the city's major cults. On the obverse is the forepart of a lion, attribute of Apollo. In Knidos he was worshipped as the sun god Triopian Apollo; every four years the federation met in his sanctuary for the Dorian Games in his honor. The other major cult at Knidos was that of Aphrodite Euploia, the aspect of the goddess which protected ships and seafaring. The head of Aphrodite appears on the reverse. The style of the reverse, with its old-fashioned incuse square and Aphrodite's frontal eye and bead-like hair, are evidence of a date in the Archaic period of Greek art. -- Rebecca H. Luhmann Levine, LU '93 Bibliography: H.A. Cahn, Knidos: die Münzen des sechsten und des fünften Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (Berlin 1970) pl. 3, no. 46 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.084 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Massachusetts Historical Society collection; Stack's, 1971. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, lion, Aphrodite, Cnidus, Knidos, Caria, Turkey Title A name given to the resource Silver Drachm of Cnidus (Knidos), Caria, Turkey, 6.15 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/378a541c78e2d303c325eab18748c058.jpg 87b2929571a88c326f5844860ea58bb1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Olynthos/Chalkidian League, Macedon (Greece) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 360 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Wreathed head of Apollo facing right. Reverse: Lyre; ΧΑΛΚΙΔΕΩΝ: of the Chalkidians. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Olynthos was one of several towns founded by the Euboian city Chalkis in the three-fingered peninsula in southern Macedonia that became known as the Chalkidike. In the early years of the Peloponnesian War several of the cities in the Chalkidike formed the Chalikidian League, which was based in Olynthos and which issued its own federal coinage. The coinage of the League began c. 432 BCE, but it was only c. 420 BCE that its most well-known coins, the tetradrachms, appeared. On the obverse was the patron deity of the League, Apollo, the major deity of its mother city, Chalkis, and on the reverse one of his major attributes, the lyre. The coins can be dated by stylistic changes in the head of Apollo and, in many cases, by magistrates' names on the reverses. The tetradrachms continued as an important regular series until the coinage of the League ended with the rise of Philip II of Macedon, who completely destroyed Olynthos and dissolved the League in 348 BCE Philip, however, acknowledged the importance of the coins for the area when he adopted the League's main coin type, the head of Apollo, for his own gold coins. --Peter A. Martens, LU '96 Bibliography: D.M. Robinson and P.A. Clement, Excavations at Olynthos IX: the Chalcidic mint and the excavation coins found in 1928-1934 (Baltimore 1938). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.049 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Bank Leu, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Apollo, lyre, Olynthos, Olynthus, Chalkidian League, Macedon, Macedonia, Greece Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Olynthos (Olynthus)/Chalkidian League, Macedon (Macedonia), Greece, 14.29 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/2378409a8d78c2fd42660275484eeada.jpg 1eee081fa5541f8e9a856f9e7febb48c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Olympia, Elis, Greece Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 400-380 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Eagle's head facing left, poplar leaf below. Reverse: Thunderbolt with wings on one end and volutes on the other, the whole in olive wreath; ϝ/A: abbreviations for ϝΑΛΕΙΩΝ, an archaistic spelling for "of the Eleians." Style/Period: Greek (ancient) The city of Elis was founded in 471 BCE as a result of the synoecism or merger of neighboring towns. Its importance as a mint in the Classical period stemmed from its control of the festival games at the sanctuary of Zeus and Hera at Olympia. From the time of its foundation until it became dependent upon Macedon at the end of the fourth century B.C., it issued a series of silver staters of high artistic quality that should probably be seen more as souvenirs of the festival than as the normal trade coinage of Elis. Two mints have been identified with this coinage, one under the charge of the Temple of Zeus issuing obverse types with attributes of Zeus and, from the end of the fifth century B.C., a second mint attached to the Temple of Hera producing coins with obverse types related to her (see 91.074). The most common types for the staters of the fifth and early fourth centuries were a number of different versions of the primary symbols associated with Zeus, the eagle and the thunderbolt. The obverse of this coin depicts a magnificent eagle's head, and beneath it a poplar leaf. Although not legible on this coin, in other examples of this die the letters DA, possibly an artist's signature, are visible in the center of the leaf. -- Rebecca H. Luhmann Levine, LU '93 Bibliography: C. Seltman, The Temple Coins of Olympia (Cambridge 1921) 154. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.073 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Spink and Son, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, eagle, leaf, thunderboltd, oilve wreath, Olympia, Elis, Greece Title A name given to the resource Silver Stater of Olympia, Elis, Greece, 12.08 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3bd94238bbfae7aa45b29b125963d349.jpg bbb7a2590cc3d462e81c6f327044627e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Velia, Lucania, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 485-465 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Quadriga facing right and driver; Nike crowning horses. Reverse: Head of Arethusa facing right, surrounded by four dolphins; ΣΥΡΑΚΟΣΙΟΝ: of the Syracusans. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Gelon, tyrant of Gela, captured Syracuse and transferred his capital there in 485 BCE With his defeat of the Carthaginians in the Battle of Himera in 480 B.C. he acquired considerable wealth, which resulted in the massive production of these tetradrachms. This coin illustrates the two themes that became commonplace in Syracusan coins and influenced the coinage of other Sicilian cities. The obverse depicts a quadriga or four-horse chariot with Nike crowning its horses in victory. The quadriga originally may have referred to the favorite pastime of the Syracusan aristocracy, the Gamoroi, who bred horses and sent chariots to compete in the Olympic games, but on these coins it may also refer specifically to an Olympic victory of Gelon in 488 BCE. The representation of Arethusa on the reverse refers to her legendary connection with Syracuse. A nymph of Elis in the Peloponnese, she was pursued by the river god Alpheios. To escape him, she withdrew under the sea, finally emerging at Syracuse. She was transformed into the fresh water nymph of the island of Ortygia, the earliest settled portion of Syracuse. The dolphins encircling her on the coin perhaps refer to the location of her spring on Ortygia, surrounded by the sea. Although the coin dates from the Early Classical period, it retains characteristics of the Archaic style, in the linear, patterned detail of the bodies of the charioteer and horses on the obverse and in the almond eye and Archaic smile of Arethusa on the reverse. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: E. Boehringer, Die Münzen von Syrakus (Berlin-Leipzig 1929) 312. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.029 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Edward Gans, Jan. 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, quadriga, horse, Nike, Arethusa, dolphins, Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy, 17.33 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/ee9f039dda048a55576ed042b55da9ff.jpg 090729da51ad92c18894e6907562237e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 405-400 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Victorious quadriga facing left; cuirass, helmet, shield, and greaves in exergue; below, ΑΘΛΑ: prizes. Reverse: Head of Arethusa facing left, with band and net holding hair, surrounded by four dolphins; ΣΥΡΑΚΟΣΙΩΝ: of the Syracusans. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) This coin is attributed to the master engraver Kimon, whose works, like those of the other great Syracusan engraver, Euainetos, were imitated by the mints of other cities. The obverse, as in the reverse of his dekadrachm with the facing Arethusa (see 91.007), depicts a racing quadriga. The charioteer and the front horse cross the beaded outline of the coin and seem to break free of the framing constraints. The composition has smooth modeling and intricate details. The military equipment along with the word "prizes" in the exergue had long led numismatists to associate them with the booty awarded as prizes in games celebrating the Syracusan victory over Athens in 413 BCE There is, however, no evidence for the games, and it is now generally believed that the coins are later, possibly issued by Dionysios I to celebrate the failed Carthaginian attack on Syracuse in 405 BCE On the reverse is the Syracusan nymph Arethusa, for whom the fresh water spring on the Syracusan island of Ortygia was named. The dolphins encircling her head probably refer to the location of the spring on the island. On this coin Arethusa wears an ampyx or hairband, on which Kimon frequently signed his name, and has the rest of her hair caught up in an intricate net. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: G.E. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia (Rome 1946), 50.6; J.H. Jongkees, The Kimonian Decadrachms (Utrecht 1941) 11. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.033 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Pennisi collection; Bank Leu, 1973. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, horse, quadriga, cuirass, helmet, shield, greaves, Arethusa, dolphins, Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Dekadrachm of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy, 43.15 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/60e077bf9d14f97d446602e3ae21449c.jpg e467a3b43d5e95e2f320c1927e69f787 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander III, Macedon (Macedonia) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 323-317 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Herakles in lionskin cap facing right. Reverse: Zeus enthroned facing left, holding eagle in right hand and scepter in left hand; flying Nike with wreath in left field; monogram beneath throne; in exergue, Σ; ΒΑΣΙΛ[ΕΩΣ Α]ΑΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ: of King Alexander. Style/Period: Hellenistic The new silver tetradrachms of Alexander the Great were issued on the authoritative Attic weight standard, and they soon replaced the Athenian "owl" tetradrachms (see 91.069) as the most widely circulated coins in the ancient world. When Alexander died in 323 BCE, his empire was divided among his generals and associates, who for many years fought among themselves to maintain and extend their respective kingdoms. But Alexander's successors and the cities he conquered continued to issue coins in his name, undoubtedly because their connection with Alexander made them immediately recognizable as good money. These posthumous coins were issued side by side with the cities' own coins and with the coins issued in the names of Alexander's successors. The posthumous coins closely resembled Alexander's issues, but with minor stylistic changes and different symbols. This tetradrachm was issued in Tarsos, a strategic Hellenized city in Cilicia, which was captured by Alexander in 333 BCE Its marks include the Nike flying in the left field and the monogram beneath the throne on the reverse. The coin also illustrates an important feature of many of the posthumous issues: Alexander is given the title basileus or king. The title may have been used as early as 329 BCE, but it became common in the posthumous issues, following the tradition of Alexander's successors who soon put the title on their own coins (see 91.060, 91.046, 91089, 91.096). And although the head of Herakles on the obverse of these coins continues unchanged, there can be little doubt that the head was now regarded as a portrait of Alexander, since by this time his successors, following Persian practice, had adopted the tradition of putting their own images on their coins. -- Kristen L. Ratwik Lamppa, LU '93 Bibliography: M.J. Price, The Coinage in the Name of Alexander and Philip Arrhidaeus (Zurich and London 1991) 376 no. 304, pl. LXXXVI. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.051 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Münzen und Medaillen, 1971. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Herakles, lion skin cap, Zeus, eagle, scepter, Nike, wreath, Tarsos, Tarsus, Cilicia Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Tarsos (Tarsus), Cilicia, 17.17 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f36e233cdcc1535b1ad42b025d887892.jpg 5c4b7863cb9172d19150163f07bdc8e8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander III, Macedon (Macedonia) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 332-323 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Herakles in lionskin cap facing right Reverse: Zeus enthroned facing left, holding eagle in right hand and scepter in left hand; rose in left field; ΔΙ - Ο beneath throne; ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ: of Alexander. Style/Period: Hellenistic Alexander the Great of Macedonia inherited his father's dream of conquering the Persian empire. Soon after his father's assassination in 336 BCE, Alexander led Greek and Macedonian forces into Asia Minor, sweeping down the coast and liberating its Greek cities from the Persians. He occupied Syria and Phoenicia and was accepted as pharaoh of Egypt. There he founded the important city of Alexandria and visited the oracle of Zeus Ammon, where he was recognized as a son of Zeus. He then turned eastward toward Mesopotamia, where he defeated the main army of the Persians. Finally, he pushed further eastward, beyond the Indus River, where in 327 BCE his exhausted troops forced him to turn back. On the return Alexander began to secure and organize his far-flung empire, but in the summer of 323 BCE he died of fever in Babylonia. Alexander reformed Macedonian coinage, instituting types that would be circulated throughout his empire long after his death. The most important were the types on his tetradrachms, which soon replaced the Athenian "owls" (see 91.069) as the most widely circulated coins of antiquity. On the obverse is the head of Herakles, reference to his family's claim of descent from the hero. Alexander was particularly devoted to Herakles and in time came to be identified with him. Whether the features of Herakles on the coins were subtly altered to those of Alexander in his lifetime is uncertain, but after his death the image was widely regarded as a portrait of Alexander. His father's use of the head of Zeus on his staters may have inspired Alexander to put a full figure of Zeus on the reverse, but the god acquired particular significance for him after the visit to the oracle. Greeks recognized the figure as their chief god, but to the inhabitants of Persian lands it could also represent their god Baal, also depicted enthroned with an eagle and scepter. The hundreds of small symbols and letters on the coins of Alexander and his successors are probably control marks of particular issues, apparently a system to safeguard the production of the coins. The marks on this coin indicate that it was struck at Memphis during Alexander's lifetime. -- Kristen L. Ratwik Lamppa, LU '93 Bibliography: M.J. Price, The Coinage in the Name of Alexander and Philip Arrhidaeus (Zurich and London 1991) 498 no. 397, pl. CXIV. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.053 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Bank Leu, 1971. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Herakles, lion skin cap, Zeus, eagle, scepter, Alexander III, Macedon (Macedonia) Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Alexander III, Macedon (Macedonia), 17.21 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7f20a665e6e6ff29c0498ae9d9efb25f.jpg 32bbe1e624900d7661394d715adb7048 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Demetrios Poliorketes (Poliorcetes), Macedon (Macedonia) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 290 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed and horned head of Demetrios facing right Reverse: Nude Poseidon standing facing left, with right foot on rock, right arm over right thigh, left holding trident; monograms in left and right fields; ΒΑΙΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ: of King Demetrios. Style/Period: Hellenistic Demetrios was the son of Antigonos Monophthalmos (the One-eyed), who assumed control of Asia after the death of Alexander the Great. Demetrios earned his nickname Poliorketes (Besieger) from his extensive use of siege machines in an unsuccessful attempt to take the island of Rhodes in 305 BCE After their forces were defeated and Antigonos was killed at the Battle of Ipsos in 301 BCE, Demetrios fled with a large fleet and attempted to establish a base for his power first in Cilicia and then in Greece and Macedonia. Like other successors of Alexander, Demetrios at first issued coins with Alexander's types, although he quickly replaced Alexander's name with his own and added the royal title of basileus that both he and his father had assumed in 306 BCE Soon he established a number of his own types, culminating in the types for these tetradrachms, which were issued in large numbers from c. 290 BCE in preparation for Demetrios' invasion of Asia Minor. The invasion ended disastrously and Demetrios was imprisoned by Seleukos; he died in captivity in 283 BCE. On the obverse is a youthful, idealized head of Demetrios with the royal diadem and the horns of a bull, the animal sacred to Demetrios' patron deity, Poseidon. With these aspects of divinity Demetrios became the first of Alexander's successors to assimilate elements of Alexander's deified portrait (see 91.046) and the first living ruler to portray himself as a divinity on his coins. The bull's horns were intended to suggest that he stood in the same relationship to Poseidon as Alexander had to Zeus Ammon. The portrait is individualized, but the upward gaze and flowing hair are meant to evoke the image of Alexander. On the reverse is Demetrios' patron deity, Poseidon, apparently inspired by the original of the Lateran Poseidon, a statue usually attributed to Lysippos, the court sculptor of Alexander. Demetrios' association with Poseidon dated to his naval victory off Cyprus in 306 B.C., after which he considered himself lord of the sea. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) (Cambridge 1991) 77-81. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.060 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Münzen und Medaillen, 1971. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem, horns, Demetrios, Poseidon, trident, Demetrios Poliorketes, Poliorcetes, Macedon, Macedonia Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Demetrios Poliorketes (Poliorcetes), Macedon (Macedonia), 17.21 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7fcaeadbd5dd30df933ae53e89d8675d.jpg 37c0475f8cbf6aed2df54ba7e49d812b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lysimachos (Lysimachus), Thrace Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 297-281 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Alexander facing right, with diadem and Ammon horns. Reverse: Athena Nikephoros seated facing left with spear and shield, holding Nike in right; in left field, torch; in exergue, maeander; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ: of King Lysimachos. Style/Period: Hellenistic Lysimachos was a member of the bodyguard of Alexander the Great. In the division of the empire after Alexander's death, he was entrusted with Thrace and adjoining territory in the Euxine, and in the Battle of Ipsos in 301 BCE he acquired northwestern Asia Minor. Like the other successors of Alexander, he first issued coins with the types used by Alexander, but in 297 BCE he created new types, among them the obverse of this coin, one of the most influential images in Hellenistic coinage. The head is a portrait of the deified Alexander, with the royal diadem and the ram's horns that identify him as the son of Zeus Ammon. Lysimachos thus portrays Alexander as both his political ancestor and his patron god. The coins were issued at many mints (the maeander on the reverse indicates that this coin was issued at Magnesia-on-Maeander; see 91.082), and their Alexander portrait type with its divine attributes provided the prototype for depictions of divine rulers in later Hellenistic coinage. The coins continued to be issued after the death of Lysimachos and in some areas were as common as posthumous coins of Alexander. The reverse refers more specifically to Lysimachos. In her right hand, a seated Athena extends her Nike, who crowns the first letter of Lysimachos' name. The gesture is a probable reference to his victory at Ipsos. The lion's head on Athena's shield may also refer to Lysimachos; the forepart of a lion was his personal device. He participated in lion hunts with Alexander and supposedly once killed a lion with his bare hands. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: M. Thompson, "The Mints of Lysimachos," Essays in Greek Coinage Presented to Stanley Robinson (Oxford 1968) 163-182; O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) 81. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.046 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Alexander, diadem, Zeus Ammon, horns, Athena Nikephoros, Lysimachos, Lysimachus, Thrace Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Lysimachos (Lysimachus), Thrace, 17.09 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/bd98135f37f5f5e1ebd72f4179e99a2e.jpg b831dfcf5a89424dc2f0030b938d1a37 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mithradates III, Pontus (Pontos) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 200 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and diademed bust of Mithradates III. Reverse: Zeus seated with eagle in right hand and scepter in left; star and crescent in left field; monograms in right field and beneath seat; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΙΘΡΑΔΑΤΟΥ: of King Mithradates. Style/Period: Hellenistic The kingdom of Pontos on the Black Sea probably issued its first coins, gold staters of the type issued by Alexander, under Mithradates II, who was in power from c. 255 to 220 BCE His successor, Mithradates III (c. 220-185 BCE), introduced the first distinctive Pontic coins, tetradrachms with his portrait on the obverse. The portrait is one of the most striking in all of Hellenistic coinage. Although it must have been made by a Greek die-cutter, there is not a trace of the typical Hellenization that characterizes the coin portraits of most Hellenistic rulers. The presumably realistic head, with its receding hairline, deeply furrowed brow, drooping moustache, and close-cropped beard, is that of a barbarian proud of his non-Greek blood. Most of the inhabitants of Pontos were of Iranian descent, and although Mithradates himself married a Seleukid, the country for the most part remained stubbornly resistant to outside influence. In sharp contrast, the reverse depicts a seated Zeus clearly inspired by the reverses of Alexander's tetradrachms (see 91.053), although even here Mithradates has added something of his own, the star and crescent in the left field that will mark Pontic gold and silver coinage to the end. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) (Cambridge 1991) 131. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.011 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 16-Nov-1989. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem Mithradates III, Zeus, eagle, scepter, star, crescent Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Mithradates III, Pontus (Pontos), 16.55 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f765dcdc4928225ecd03d43276a1903e.jpg dd7a44729ab77f966c261b4e062cd2f7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mithradates VI the Great Eupator, Pontus (Pontos) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 75 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed head of Mithradates facing right. Reverse: In ivy wreath, grazing stag facing to left; in left field, star and crescent above monogram; in right field, BKS (date of the Bithynian Era = 75 B.C.) above monogram; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΙΘΡΑΔΑΤΟΥ ΕΥΠΑΤΟΡΟΣ: of King Mithradates Eupator. Style/Period: Hellenistic Mithradates was a bitter enemy of Rome, with whom he fought three wars between 88 and 63 BCE He saw himself as the protector of the Greeks, who initially welcomed his attempts to stave off the Romans, but in the end his rule was oppressive, and he met resistance even in his own territory. At the height of his power he controlled much of Asia Minor and Greece, choosing Pergamon as his capital and royal residence. Rome eventually forced him to give up his conquered territory, pay a huge indemnity, and retreat to his original borders. He committed suicide in 63 BCE. Since most of Mithradates' coins are dated, the origin of the types on this tetradrachm can be traced to 89/88 BCE, the year of his great invasion of Asia Minor. The clearly idealized portrait of Mithradates on the obverse makes a sharp break with the hard-bitten, realistic style of his predeces sors' portraits (see 93.011). In contrast to their foreign features, short beards, and long sideburns, Mithradates, over fifty at the time, appears youthful, clean-shaven, and Hellenized, with the flowing hair and upward gaze associated above all with portraits of Alexander the Great (see 91.046). The portrait type was probably intended to appeal to the Greeks of Asia Minor, to whom he wanted to appear as their saviour, the new Alexander. The stag on the reverse, an attribute of the Greek goddess Artemis, may have been intended to refer to her major cult and sanctuary in Ephesos in Asia Minor and thus again to appeal to the Greeks of the area. The star and crescent, perhaps a family device, represent the sun and moon and allude to the Persian worship of celestial bodies. The ivy wreath refers to Dionysos, Mithradates' patron deity, a Greek god but one associated with the East. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: M.J. Price, "Mithradates VI Eupator, Dionysus, and the Coinages of the Black Sea," Numismatic Chronicle, 7th series, 8 (1968) 1-12. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.078 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ottilia Buerger bought from Edward Gans, March, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem, Mithradates, ivy wreath, stag, star, crescent, Mithradates VI the Great Eupator, Pontus (Pontos) Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Mithradates VI the Great Eupator, Pontus (Pontos), 16.78 g.