2 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/503bb16e18668f7aeca94d42c83c5edb.jpg 34c448eb1eeda1f7e37c29b13d98fdde Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Terina, Bruttium, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 440 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: In olive wreath, head of the nymph Terina facing left wearing an ampyx and a double necklace with pendants. Reverse: Nike seated facing left on overturned hydria, holding wreath in right hand and kerykeion in left hand; ΤΕΡΙΝΑΙΟΝ: of the Terinans. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Terina was a colony founded by Kroton on the western coast of Italy in the late seventh or sixth century. The site of the ancient city is unknown and little is known of its history, but like other Greek colonies in Italy and Sicily, it had coinage of high quality. Its coinage began c. 460 BCE, but it did not issue large numbers of coins until the second half of the fifth century, when this coin was struck. The local nymph Terina appears on the obverse of all the city's coins. Her image varies over time, often apparently influenced by the depictions of the nymph Arethusa on the coins of Syracuse, with emphasis on the elaborate hairstyle, headband, and jewelry. On this coin she has unusual, tightly waved hair rolled around an ampyx or headband, which covers most of her forehead. The winged female on the reverse is Nike, but as depicted here, seated on an overturned water jug, she is perhaps also identified with Terina, the city's eponymous nymph and protectress of its local water source. She wears a chiton and himation and holds two of Nike's typical attributes, a wreath referring to victory and a kerykeion or herald's staff associated with peace and prosperity. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: R.R. Holloway and G.K. Jenkins, Terina (Bellinzona 1983). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought at Stack's auction sale, June, 1969. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, olive wreath, nymph, Terina, ampyx, necklace, Nike, hydria, wreath, kerykeio, Terina, Bruttium, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Stater of Terina, Bruttium, Italy, 7.75 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/1715109a005715080d46dd0a6ac3dcfb.jpg 69557fdd60c792b2e746944d490361c0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Metapontum (Metapontion), Lucania, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 330-300 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Demeter facing to right, wearing wreath with barley ears and leaves, necklace, and single-drop earring; ΔΑ in small letters below chin. Reverse: Ear of barley; plough over leaf in right field, Μ below; ΜΕΤΑ upward at left: Metapontion abbreviated. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Metapontion, located in a rich coastal plain on the Gulf of Taranto, became very prosperous through agriculture, and an ear of barley, probably its main agricultural product, is the consistent reverse type on its coins. The city became so wealthy through its agriculture that it dedicated a "golden harvest" in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi (Strabo, Geography 6.264) that some have thought might have been golden sheaves of grain. The pattern of types on the staters of Metapontion, with frequently changing heads on the obverse and the unchanging city badge, barley, on the reverse, was established in the fifth century and continued until the end of Metapontion's coinage. In the second half of the fourth century, the head is usually that of Demeter or perhaps Persephone, either of whom is appropriate for her role in protecting crops and especially grain. The head with its wreath of grain was probably inspired by Euainetos' similar head of the nymph Arethusa on late fifth-century Syracusan coins (see 91.032). -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: A. Johnston, The Coinage of Metapontum, Part 3 (American Numismatic Society Numismatic Notes and Monographs 164, New York 1990) 13-16. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.009 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Edward Gans, Jan., 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Demeter, barley, leaf, necklace, earring, plough above leaf, Metapontum, Metapontion, Lucania, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Stater of Metapontum (Metapontion), Lucania, Italy, 7.79 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/bc199dadcd011d312000b120184d2d09.jpg 96fd9efdb81e744702da42111c737d0f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gela, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 490 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Helmeted and bearded nude horseman hurling spear with right hand. Reverse: Forepart of a swimming man-headed bull swimming right; ΓΕΛΑΣ retrograde: Gelas. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) According to Thucydides (History 6.4), the colony of Gela was founded in 680 B.C. by Rhodians and Cretans. It was located on a fertile plain near the mouth of the river Gela, for which the city was named. In the late sixth and early fifth centuries the city flourished under the tyrants Hippokrates and Gelon, until Gelon seized Syracuse and moved part of the Geloan population there. The rider of the obverse probably refers generally to the Geloan aristocracy, which was known for its horse-breeding and equestrian abilities; the city was also famous for its cavalry, which the large number of didrachms produced in this period may have been intended to pay. The type could also refer more specifically to the tyrant who first introduced the type, either Hippokrates, whose name means "strong as a horse" or Gelon, who was a hipparch or cavalry commander under Hippokrates. The nude rider has the sharply emphasized musculature and the combination of nearly frontal torso and profile legs that are characteristic of late Archaic art. The man-faced bull, which is the main coin-type of Gela in the fifth century, is a standard type for the Greek river god Acheloos, but here as elsewhere it probably represents the local river god. Its frontal eye in the profile head and highly patterned beard are also characteristic of Archaic art. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: G.K. Jenkins, The Coinage of Gela, 2 vols. (Berlin 1970), 186 no. 47, pl. 3. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, February 21, 1962. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, helmet, horseman, spear, swimming, man-headed bull, Gela, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Didrachm of Gela, Sicily, Italy, 8.56 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/df20579ca4c105fb287bc09f2e6c9511.jpg a50b9da43c5f184abcd202a973dfbbb7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tarentum (Taras), Calabria, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 272-235 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Boy-rider crowning horse to left; above and beneath horse, ΣΥ-ΛΥΚΙ-ΝΟΣ: Sylykinos. Reverse: Taras or Phalanthos riding dolphin to left and wielding trident in right arm; owl in right field;ΤΑΡΑΣ: Taras. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) According to tradition, Taras was founded in 706 B.C. by colonists from Sparta. The story of its foundation is reflected in its most familiar coin type, a figure riding on a dolphin. Some identify the figure as Phalanthos, the leader of the Spartan colonists who was shipwrecked before he reached Taras but saved by a dolphin that carried him ashore (Pausanias, Description of Greece, 10.13.10). Whether Phalanthos was an historical figure is not known; he was worshipped as a hero in Taras. Others identify the figure as Taras, the local hero for whom the city was named, particularly since the figure is usually accompanied by the name Taras. A son of the sea god Poseidon, he too was saved from a shipwreck by a dolphin sent by his father. According to the account of Pausanias, both Phalanthos and Taras, as well as the helpful dolphin, were featured in a fifth-century statuary group set up by the Tarantines in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi to commemorate a victory over barbarians from the north. When the dolphin rider was moved to the reverse of the coins in the late fifth century, he was replaced on the obverse by the famous Tarantine horsemen, who were depicted on the coins for another two hundred years with considerable diversity and inventiveness. The horsemen cannot be specifically identified; they range from boys to youths, from nude to armed, and engage in a wide variety of equestrian activities, perhaps alluding to athletic games held at Taras. The nude rider on this coin crowns his horse, probably in celebration of victory in a contest. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: A.J. Evans, "The 'horsemen' of Tarentum," Numismatic Chronicle 1881, 1 ff.; G.C. Brauer, Jr., Taras: its History and Coinage (New Rochelle, NY 1986). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.004 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Edward Gans, Jan., 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, boy, rider, horse, Taras, Phalanthos, dolphine, trident, owl, Tarentum, Calabria, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Stater of Tarentum (Taras), Calabria, Italy, 6.29 g https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/97687bc768f0ccff6ec155ead5fbf47a.jpg a83f7282a4dc32b54f4886db039c66c3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Himera, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 410 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Fast quadriga facing right; Nike above bearing wreath and tablet inscribed ΜΑΙ; hippocamp in exergue. Reverse: The nymph Himera standing facing right, holding a phiale over an altar in right hand; to right a satyr bathing under lion-head fountain spout; [Ι]ΜΕΡ[ΑΙΟΝ] retrograde: of the Himerans. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) The colony of Himera on the northern coast of Sicily was founded about 650 BCE by settlers from Zankle, another colony further to the east. It was occupied by Theron, tyrant of Akragas, from c. 482 until 470 BCE, when it came under Syracusan influence. A series of tetradrachms followed, which ended with the Carthaginian destruction of Himera in 409 BCE. The influence of Syracusan coinage is immediately evident in the obverse of this tetradrachm, which depicts the racing quadriga, its charioteer crowned by Nike, that had by this time become a standard type on Syracusan coins. In particular, the quadriga imitates the exuberant types of the artist Kimon, in the way that the wheels of the quadriga are foreshortened and in the horses' heads tossed in different directions (see 93.007). The three letters on the tablet in Nike's left hand are probably an abbreviated artist's signature; the artist Euainetos put his signature in the same place on tetradrachms of Syracuse in this period. The hippocamp in the exergue, which also appears on Syracusan coins, probably refers to the importance of Himera's sea trade. The reverse portrays a local subject, the nymph Himera standing at an altar and making a sacrifice, while a satyr bathing under a lion-head spout probably refers to the warm springs near Himera. Himera, in the clinging drapery typical of late fifth-century sculpture, holds a phiale or offering bowl in her right hand and makes a gesture of prayer or sacrifice with the left. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976); G. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia (Rome 1946), pl. 21.23. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.024 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Bank Leu, December 9, 1985. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, quadriga, Nike, wreath, tablet, hippocamp, nymph, Himera, phiale, altar, satyr, fountain, Himera, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Himera, Sicily, Italy, 16.65 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/2daeec9ce0b2e68a7a62fb5fefba01a8.jpg 20bf2ad1051a98185120f6f9c803a91a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tarentum (Taras), Calabria, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 280 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bearded and laureate head of Zeus to right Reverse: Eagle with spread wings on thunderbolt to left; monogram in left field. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Taras, known as Tarentum to the Romans, was located on a bay opening into what is now called the Gulf of Taranto. It was the only colony of Sparta, and, with the only good port on the southeastern coast of Italy, it became a thriving commercial center known for its luxury. Taras was often in conflict with its Italian neighbors and it regularly sought help from foreign mercenaries. When threatened by the Romans c. 281 B.C., Taras called in Pyrrhos of Epeiros, who came to Italy the next year with men and elephants. He fought the Romans in several battles but in 275 B.C. withdrew from Taras and went to assist the Greek cities in Sicily against their enemies the Carthaginians; Taras eventually surrendered to Rome. The coins of Taras were briefly influenced by the presence of Pyrrhos. Zeus had an important sanctuary at Dodona in Epeiros, and Zeus was a favorite Epeirot coin type. While Pyrrhos was at Taras the city issued gold staters with a head of Zeus on the obverse and his symbols the eagle and thunderbolt on the reverse. The head was very similar to the head on Epeirot coins, but the Epeirot oak wreath was replaced at Taras by a wreath of laurel. --Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: G.C. Brauer, Jr., Taras: its History and Coinage (New Rochelle, NY 1986). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.005 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought at Bank Leu auction, April 23, 1980. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, god, Zeus, eagle, thunderboldt, Tarentum, Taras, Calabria, Italy Title A name given to the resource Gold Stater of Tarentum (Taras), Calabria, Italy, 8.57g https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/40f10ed7ec5cb02aafe7cfd519142769.jpg 55b96f97b3cb8488b37fecb934d2edaa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Croton (Kroton), Bruttium, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 360 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Hera wearing necklace and stephane with palmettes; in right field the Greek letter Β. Reverse: Herakles seated on lion skin, holding cup in right hand, club in left hand; bow lies at his left side; ΚΡΟΤΩΝΙΑΤΑΣ:Krotoniate Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Kroton was a prosperous city in southern Italy, famous in antiquity for its athletes, doctors and philosophers. The city was founded by the Achaeans in the late eighth century on the instructions of the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, but legend credits the hero Herakles with its foundation. The reverse of this coin refers to the city's foundation by Herakles. The nude hero reclines on his lionskin, with his club held lightly in his left hand, while he raises his drinking cup in his outstretched right hand. The figure with its finely detailed musculature resembles the figure sometimes identified as Herakles in the east pediment of the Parthenon in Athens. On the obverse is the head of Hera, whose sanctuary of Hera Lacinia was located on a promontory of Cape Colonna some six miles from Kroton. The richly decorated temple there was supposedly constructed by Herakles. The head on the coin was probably influenced by Kimon's famous facing head of the nymph Arethusa on the late fifth-century coins of Syracuse (see 93.007). -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: R.R. Holloway, Art and Coinage in Magna Graecia (Bellinzona n.d.); C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.018 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Münzen und Medaillen, 1986. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, goddess, Hera, necklace, stephane, Herakles, lion skin, cup, club, bow, Croton, Kroton, Bruttium, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Stater of Croton (Kroton), Bruttium, Italy, 7.78 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/794eac1ab2b14a733c8262308418986a.jpg 4d80c5cbcc04119230666f81bcb0111d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leontini (Leontinoi), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 460 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Apollo facing right, wearing laurel wreath with three rows of leaves. Reverse: Lion's head facing right, surrounded by four barley grains; ΛΕΟΝΤΙΝΟΝ: of the Leontines. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Leontinoi was founded in 729 BCE by the colony of Naxos, which had been settled by the Chalkidians six years earlier. Located on a broad, fertile plain inland from the eastern coast of Sicily, Leontinoi was known for its agriculture and grew prosperous exporting grain to Greece and to other towns in Sicily. The coinage of Leontinoi begins in the early fifth century, when it was ruled by tyrants dependent upon Syracuse; its coinage shows strong Syracusan influence. In 466 B.C. the tyrannies at Syracuse and apparently also at Leontinoi were overthrown, and Leontinoi replaced the Syracusan symbol of the quadriga (see 91.029, 91.032, 91.033, 93.005, 93.007) with the head of its patron god, Apollo, on the obverse of its coins. The coins continued unchanged but for stylistic development until 422 BCE, when Leontinoi again became subject to Syracuse. Apollo, the main god of the Chalkidians, was brought to Leontinoi at the time of its settlement. The head of Apollo on this tetradrachm has elements of the Severe Style typical of Greek sculpture from c. 480-450 BCE, the plain hair brushed toward the forehead and the heavy, prominent chin, and should therefore be dated c. 460 BCE, early in the period of Leontinoi's independence. The lion on the reverse is both an animal associated with Apollo and a play on the name of the town; leon is the Greek word for lion. The grains of barley surrounding the lion's head refer to the agricultural importance of Leontinoi; earlier coins of Leontinoi show the barley corns encircling the head of Apollo in much the same way that dolphins surround the heads of Arethusa and Athena on Syracusan coins (see 91.029, 91.032, 91.033, 93.005, 93.007). -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 211-212, pl. 49. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.025 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Fred V. Fowler collection; Stack's, 1969. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, god, Apollo, wreath, lion, barley, grain, Leontini, Leontinoi, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Leontini (Leontinoi), Sicily, Italy, 17.15 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/d75687e179b3c1ae873843bce3045bc3.jpg 96c1dccfbf7f7df247a6bb9a02017669 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 410 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Racing quadriga facing left, Nike flying above horses facing right; in exergue, an ear of barley. Reverse: Facing head of Athena wearing necklace and triple-crested helmet with raised cheek-pieces; signature of Eukleidas on helmet bowl; ΕΥΚΛΕΙΔ(ΑΣ): Eukleidas; ΣΥΡΑΚΟΣ [ΙΩΝ]: of the Syracusans. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) This coin was signed by one of the great Syracusan die-engravers, Eukleidas; his abbreviated signature is just legible on the reverse, on the bowl of Athena's helmet. Like the contemporary head of Arethusa on Kimon's Syracusan tetradrachm (see 93.007), the head is facing and surrounded by dolphins, by this time a common feature of Syracusan coins. The delicacy and detail of Athena's face are somewhat marred by a break in the die that cuts across her chin. The depiction of Athena is unusual on Syracusan coins, which typically use heads of the local nymph Arethusa or of their major deities Demeter and Persephone, but there was also a temple to Athena in Syracuse, dedicated after the Syracusans defeated the Carthaginians in the battle of Himera in 480 BCE It has been suggested that it was appropriate to recall it at this time, when Syracuse was once again faced with a Carthaginian invasion, as one Sicilian city after another fell to her old enemy. The obverse depicts the racing quadriga that had long been the main type on Syracusan coins. The spirited horses toss their heads backward and from side to side, and the fallen marker beneath their hooves gives a sense of immediacy to the race. The foreshortened wheel of the quadriga also adds an impression of depth. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: L.O. Th. Tudeer, Die tetradrachmenprägung von Syrakus in der Periode der signierenden Künstler (Berlin 1913), 59; C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.005 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 03-Jun-1992. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, quadriga, horse, Nike, barley, Athena, helmet, signature, Eukleidas, Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy, 17.05 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e5665f6b64d10dd2c40ce246a9beed0d.jpg 01cfc98c7cddce83e8c91474c801ea6e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Metapontum (Metapontion), Lucania, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 350-330 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bearded head of Leukippos to right, wearing Corinthian helmet; in left field, seated dog. Reverse: Ear of barley with leaf to right, bird with open wings on leaf, A below; ΜΕΤΑ upward at left: Metapontion abbreviated. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Metapontion was an ancient colony on the Gulf of Taranto founded by Greeks from Achaea but re-colonized in the seventh century by Sybarites under the leadership of Leukippos. It was a wealthy city, known for its agricultural prosperity, but it was abandoned in the second Punic War in 207 B.C. The obverse of this stater depicts the city's founder, Leukippos. Leukippos was a source of local pride; legend had it that he had won Metapontion through trickery from its neighbor and rival, Taras (Strabo, Geography 6, 265). These staters, issued in great numbers in the last third of the fourth century, are often connected with the campaigns of Alexander the Molossian, who was invited by Taras to help defend the local Greek cities against the Lucanians and other non-Greek peoples in the interior; the dog, barely visible here in the left field, may be a Molossian hound referring to Alexander. The reverse of the coin depicts an ear of barley, the agricultural product that was the source of the city's wealth (see 91.009). --Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: A. Johnston, The Coinage of Metapontum, Part 3 (American Numismatic Society, Numismatic Notes and Monographs 164, New York 1990). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.007 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Fred V. Fowler collection; Stack's, 1969 Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Leukippos, helmet, dog, barley, leaf, bird, Metapontum, Metapontion, Lucania, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Stater of Metapontum (Metapontion), Lucania, Italy, 7.88 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/9594b635e1fa3f19ed32f7820dfc4d46.jpg 7f9fc7b244a054c11fff2a74a3477c3c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leontini (Leontinoi), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 440-430 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Apollo facing left, with hair hanging straight and wearing olive wreath with three rows of leaves. Reverse: Lion's head facing left, surrounded by four grains of barley; ΛΕΟΝΤΙΝΟΝ: of the Leontines. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) The head of Leontinoi's patron god Apollo on the obverse and his symbol the lion's head on the reverse indicate that this coin comes from the period of Leontinoi's independence between 466 and 422 BCE. The barley grains surrounding the lion's head refer to the agricultural prosperity of the town. Although the obverse and reverse types of Leontinoi's coins remained constant throughout this period, stylistic changes in the types permit more precise dating. A comparison of this coin with a tetradrachm of c. 460 BCE (see 91.025) demonstrates that the facial features of both the Apollo and the lion are more naturalistic and finer in detail, indications of a date later in the Classical period, c. 440-430 BCE. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: G. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia, 2 vols. (Rome 1946), pl. 24.4; C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 211-212. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.026 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Bank Leu, 1985 Subject The topic of the resource Greek, god, Apollo, wreath, leaves, lion, barley, grain, Leontini, Leontinoi, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Leontini (Leontinoi), Sicily, Italy, 17.18 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/1ffa47db521f36d04fe9d3996939ea6d.jpg 654052c52b04ff28e614e93addabb950 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 410 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing head of Arethusa, wearing earrings, necklace, and headband, surrounded by dolphins; above, ΑΡΕΘΟΣΑ: Arethusa. Reverse: Racing quadriga facing left with Nike above; stalk of barley in exergue; ΣΥΡΑΚΟΣΙΩΝ: of the Syracusans. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) This coin, attributed to the artist Kimon, was one of the most influential coins of the ancient world because of its new facing composition on the obverse; similar facing female heads can be seen on coins from all over the Mediterranean (see 91.063, 91.064, 91.085, 91.088, 93.008, 93.009). The head depicts the Syracusan nymph Arethusa. Great detail is given to the eyes, which are large and clearly defined. Her hair, in earlier coins pulled back, flows freely around her. The dolphins pass through her hair, as though swimming in waves. The headband in many examples bears the name of the artist. On the reverse, the typical sedately moving Syracusan quadriga has been transformed and now gallops in the midst of its race. The item just below the hooves of the horses probably represents a racing post that has been knocked down during the race. The charioteer turns his head back for a glance at the competition. These elements add a realistic touch to the traditional depiction. In the exergue, the ear of barley refers to the agricultural prosperity of the island. The prevailing view of the chronology of late fifth century Syracusan coins puts the coins with this feature in the last decade of the century. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: L.O.Th. Tudeer, Die Tetradrachmenprägung von Syrakus in der Periode der signierenden Künstler (Berlin 1913); C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 222-223. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.007 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 13-Dec-1991. Ex Benson collection. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Arethusa, dolphins, quadriga, hores, Kike, barley, Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy, 16.97 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e2f2f4348f61d61c326a3715f997deda.jpg a565a87f8e618b1746f20aaa077d69f9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Amphipolis, Macedon, Greece Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 356-355 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Three-quarter facing head of Apollo wearing laurel wreath. Reverse: Race torch in square, border inscribed ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ: of the Amphipolitans. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Amphipolis, a strategic city on the river Strymon in the Chalkidike, was important for its access to the gold and silver mines and timber of Mt. Pangaion. The city was founded by Athens in 437 BCE and did not issue coins while it was under Athenian control. In the Peloponnesian War, however, the Spartan general Brasidas took the city from Athens and from shortly afterward until the city was taken by Philip of Macedon in 357 BCE it issued its own coins, of which the most well known are its beautiful tetradrachms. The obverse depicts the nearly facing head of Apollo, undoubtedly inspired by the facing heads of Kimon on Syracusan coins of the period (see 93.007). The Amphipolitan head, however, with its very full face and extremely thick hair, differs significantly from the Syracusan versions and was probably the work of local die-cutters. The race-torch on the reverse refers to the local cult of Artemis Tauropolis or Brauronia, in whose honor torch races, the Lampadephoria, were held. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 151-152. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.008 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 07-Apr-1990. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Apollo, laurel wreath, torch, Amphipolis, Macedon, Greece Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm Amphipolis, Macedon, Greece, 14.43 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/09edf671133da11b9228816d25450582.jpg 7b07786870848d547e61f05cf49802ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Clazomenae (Klazomenai), Ionia, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 387-340 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing head of Apollo. Reverse: Swan with spread wings to left. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Klazomenai in Ionia on the western coast of Asia Minor was one of the first cities to issue silver coinage. The city was originally located on the mainland, but probably during the early fifth-century Ionian Revolt from the Persians it was moved to an island just off the coast, which Alexander the Great eventually connected to the mainland with a causeway. In 387 BCE Klazomenai and other cities in Asia were taken over by Persia, but the city continued to issue its own coins. The obverse of this tetradrachm depicts the principal god of the city, Apollo. The near-facing head was influenced by Kimon's facing head of the nymph Arethusa on Syracusan coins of the late fifth century (see 93.007); the Klazomenian head has a similar fleshy face, large eyes and wild hair. The swan on the obverse is both an attribute of Apollo and a pun on the name Klazomenai. According to myth, swans drew the chariot in which Apollo every year flew south from his winter home in the land of the Hyperboreans. But Klazomenai was also home to large numbers of swans, and it is thought that the verb klazo was used to describe the call of the wild birds. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 257-258. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.009 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 11-Nov-1991. Ex Perkins collection. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Apollo, swan, Clazomenae, Klazomenai, Ionia, Turkey Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Clazomenae (Klazomenai), Ionia, Turkey, 16.88 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/a8a353f201c77ae1809f2cf8a6f4b5c6.jpg 55901ded9567e413d45e867fef34e8b1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Scione (Skione), Macedon, Greece Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 500-480 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Helmeted head of Protesilaos facing right; on crest-holder, ΠΡΟΤΕΣΙΛΑΣ retrograde: Protesilaos. Reverse: In incuse square, stern of ship; ΣΚΙΟ in corners: Skione abbreviated. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Skione was the chief town of Pallene, one of the three promontories of the Macedonian peninsula of Chalkidike. Like the other cities in the area, it was probably settled by Euboians, but its inhabitants believed that it was founded by one of the heroes of the Trojan War. The city is chiefly remembered for its resistance to Athens during the Peloponnesian War, after which the Athenians put the inhabitants to death. On the obverse is the head of Protesilaos, according to tradition the heroic founder of the city. He wears an Attic helmet with his name, only partly legible on this coin, inscribed backward on its crest-holder. The stern of a ship on the reverse probably also refers to the hero. He was the leader of warriors from several Thessalian towns who fought in the Trojan War. According to one tradition, he knew that the first man ashore would be killed and heroically became the first man to leap off his ship. He is best known for the stories about his wife's love and mourning for him. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 134. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.002 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 16-Feb-1993. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, helmet, Protesilaos, ship, Scione, Skione, Macedon, Greece Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Scione (Skione), Macedon, Greece, 16.20 g.