17 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/36c826ee9ac23e494ba428635afeb7cf.jpg d7c39dd33b8bc468f819efda6491fed2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maximian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 293 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Maximian adorned with Hercules' lion skin; IMP C M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG. Reverse: Diocletian and Maximian, Augustus and Caesar, sit, facing, draped and cuirassed, each holding globes in their left hands; in the right field Hercules stands, holding club and lion skin and crowns Maximian; in the left field Jupiter stands and crowns Diocletian; PERPETVA CONCORDIA AVGG, PR in exergue. Style/Period: Roman Empire Maximian was proclaimed co-emperor in the year 286 CE by Diocletian in order to help manage a fracturing empire. The artistic style of this coin reflects how the two emperors attempted to restore dominance through art and religion. The reverse is an image of the two emperors being crowned by Hercules and Jupiter. In the year 287 CE the emperors deified themselves to cement their power and tell the public that the emperors were holding power through divine authority. Diocletian made Jupiter, the king of the heavens, his patron, and Maximian made Hercules, the king of the earth, his patron. The reverse of the medallion shows this idea explicitly. The central figures are Maximian on right and Diocletian on the left, both being crowned by their respective patron gods. The figure on the right holds a club and has a lion-skin cap, both characteristic of Hercules. On the left stands Jupiter, with his lightning bolt and a crown. The emperors are larger than the deities, indicating that they are more powerful than even the gods themselves. Additionally, both of them are carrying a globe, further symbolizing domination over the earth. Diocletian and Maximan wanted to show that the two emperors ruled as equals. The inscription reads “CONCORDIA” or total cooperation with one another. Their rule was more than just two men ruling simultaneously, but two men acting as a single power. Both emperors are of equal height and have no distinguishing characteristics. Not long after this coin’s production, Diocletian would go on to form the Tetrarchy, where the same ideals of unity, lack of individuality, and divine authority were shared by four men. The portrait on the obverse is of Maximian projecting his power in typical Tetrarchic fashion. The lion-skin cap furthers his association with Hercules, and his head is broad and blocky, with a very strong jaw, the face of a powerful man. The head is tilted slightly down, with big, deep-set eyes, almost as if looking down at the viewers from a throne, staring directly into them. Additionally, he has a military-style beard, showing that he has all the strength and discipline of a soldier. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 250, 254; H. Cohen, Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome (Chicago 1978), XX, XXXIX, XLV; J.P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 46; L. Breglia, Roman Imperial Coins: Art and Technique (New York 1968), 204; J.M.C Toynbee, Roman Medallions (New York 1944), 205, 209. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.100 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Title A name given to the resource Gold 5 Aurei Medallion of Maximian, 5.29 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/790505e7b7f96ba6fc7ee6b123365356.jpg d48280a8286794c13ebaddb587dc794b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maximian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 295–305 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Maximian; MAXIMIANVS AVG. Reverse: Prince galloping, spear downwards, above galley with four rowers; VIRTVS ILLVRICI; TR in exergue. Style/Period: Roman Empire The obverse shows the Emperor Maximian, who ruled from 286 CE to 305 CE, during an era known as the Tetrarchy, when the empire was ruled by four men simultaneously in order to distribute the enormous burden of ruling the empire. To assert their power they frequently used art and portraiture such as the bust of Maximian featured on this coin. His head is blocky, with a staunch face and aloof expression, sporting a military-style beard, harkening back to his days in the army. Anyone who gazed upon the face would have seen a powerful, disciplined man. Additionally, there are almost no distinguishing characteristics of his face, as part of the Tetrarchy’s propaganda was that the four men were indistinguishable and ruled as one. The reverse depicts a victory of Maximian’s Tetrarchy over the rebel Carausius, who had taken Britain and northern France from the empire a decade prior. Maximian managed to take the mainland parts of Carausius’ kingdom back and invaded the island of Britain in 289 CE but failed to take it. In 296 CE a junior Tetrarch named Constantius launched an invasion, finally bringing Britain back into the fold. The ship with rowers signifies the role the navy had in invading Britain. The man on horseback with a spear shows the bravery of Constantius in leading his men during the fighting outside of modern-day London. The inscription “VIRTVS ILLYRICI” means “Army of Illyricum,” thus praising Constantius and the Tetrarchy as a whole, as most of the Tetrarchs, including Maximian, hailed from the province of Illyria. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 400-401; C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 250-251, 254-255; J. P. C. Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 324; S. Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery (New York 1992), 43-45, 64, 71. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.101 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Maximian, Trier, 26.90 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3c72ceaefc9917c659ab7183b4751682.jpg fe71cb43afee26c252f29a5efe6d3879 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Diocletian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 284–293 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Diocletian; IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG. Reverse: Jupiter standing, holding thunderbolt in right hand and scepter in left; IOVI CONSERVAT AVG. Style/Period: Roman Empire The obverse of this coin depicts the emperor Diocletian, who was proclaimed emperor in 284 CE and ruled until 305 CE, when he abdicated the throne. He came to power at the end of a great political upheaval known as the crisis of the third century. In order to help manage the sprawling empire, he made his colleague Maximian co-Augustus. To project as much power as possible the two emperors deified themselves. Diocletian made Jupiter, king of the heavens, his patron god, and Maximian made Hercules, king of the earth, his patron. This helped justify their actions and showed the world their strength, as the two emperors claimed to be living incarnations of the gods. Thus the statue of Jupiter on the reverse reads “IOVI CONSERVATOR AVG,” and implies that Jupiter is conserving, or protecting, the emperor and the empire as a whole. Therefore, due to this deification, Diocletian is only carrying out the desire of the gods. The reverse has a portrait of Diocletian. He wears a laurel crown and is draped in imperial garb. His face is in a transitional style of Roman coinage. At this time the individualizing characteristics of emperors were disappearing in order to show unity. His head is small and circular, with a long neck in the tradition of the military emperors who came before him during the crisis. The lack of any individually identifying characteristics and heavily incised neck-line shows this coin’s place in a transition from the instability of the past to the more stable future that Diocletian hoped to build. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 400-401; C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 250-251; J.P.C Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 46-48; L. Breglia, Roman Imperial Coins: Art and Technique (New York 1968), 201- 202. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.235 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, July 24, 1959. Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Diocletian, 4.94 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/9cfa31d2d6c7ccfd611b5eb0410d27f1.jpg a4428ef57fcf5e8d0f80df19d2e74651 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Perseus, Macedon Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 171–168 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bearded and diademed head of Perseus facing right Reverse: In oak wreath, eagle on thunderbolt on right; monograms above eagle and in right field; below wreath, plough; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΕΡΣΕΩΣ: of King Perseus. Style/Period: Hellenistic Perseus, the last Macedonian king, succeeded his father, Philip V, in 179 BCE From the beginning he was careful in securing allies against his greatest threat, Eumenes II of Pergamon. He renewed a treaty with Rome, which treated him as an ally until Eumenes convinced Rome to declare war against Perseus in 171 BCE The conflict dragged on for three years, until the Roman commander, Aemilius Paullus, confronted Perseus at Pydna in Macedonia, where the Macedonian army was slaughtered. Perseus eventually surrendered to the Romans and died in captivity in Rome. Macedonia was divided into four powerless republics, and the kingdom of Alexander the Great ceased to exist. The portrait on the obverse is presumably realistic, since it includes distinctive features such as the sloping forehead, prominent nose, and short, wispy beard, and has few of the idealizing qualities common to Hellenistic coin portraits inspired by those of Alexander the Great. The eagle on the thunderbolt and the oak wreath of the reverse refer to Zeus, a patron deity of Macedonian royalty since Alexander. The relatively light weight of this tetradrachm suggests that it was issued while Perseus waged war with Rome, since at the end of his reign he apparently reduced the weight standard of the coins in order to meet the financial demands of paying his army. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: N. Davis and C.M. Kraay, The Hellenistic Kingdoms: Portrait Coins and History (London 1973) 228-229. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.061 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Fred V. Fowler collection; Stack's, 1969. Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Perseus, Macedon, 15.46 g.