13 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/eb343440236aa3859655545432a1c292.jpg e3e0c29c1b9c1fc72be09546b331a60a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource after 27 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Augustus facing right Reverse: Capricorn facing right, with cornucopia rising from back and holding globe and rudder; AVGVSTVS: Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire According to the biographer Suetonius (The Divine Augustus 1.94), Augustus was born under the sign of Capricorn (the moon, not the sun, was in Capricorn at his birth). Suetonius recounts a story from Augustus' youth, in which he visited an astrologer, who fell to his knees after seeing the configuration of the heavens at Augustus' birth. According to Suetonius, the incident gave Augustus (then Octavius) great faith in his destiny and caused him to make his horoscope public and later to strike a silver coin with the sign of Capricorn. Capricorn on the reverse of this coin, as in the zodiac, takes the form of a goat with the tail of a fish and a cornucopia growing from its back. Here it also holds a globe and rudder, symbols of sovereignty. Capricorn also appeared on glass beads that supporters of Augustus wore as a sign of their loyalty. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 541; P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor 1988) 47-49. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.114 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Hesperia Art, March 18, 1961. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Augustus, Capricorn, cornucopia, globe, rudder Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Augustus, 3.68 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/fbcbd57b0c6f72c7accb9739ddd33960.jpg 862d4c792ab7f942ac8c116d088bd1e5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 19-18 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Augustus facing right, wearing oak wreath. Reverse: Between laurel trees, shield inscribed CL(IPEVS) V(IRTVTIS): shield of valor; around shield, S(ENATVS) P(OPVLVS)Q(VE) R(OMANVS): the Senate and People of Rome; in two lines above and below shield, CAESAR AVGVSTV[S]: Caesar Augustus. Style/Period: Roman, Empire In the Res Gestae, his posthumously published summary of his achievements, Augustus describes some of the honors given him by the Senate: For restoring the republic "I was named Augustus by resolution of the Senate. The doorposts of my house were officially decked out with young laurel trees, the corona civica was placed over the door, and in the Curia Iulia was displayed the golden shield, which the Senate and the people granted me on account of my bravery, clemency, justice, and piety, as is inscribed on the shield itself." The reverse of this denarius depicts some of those honors. The golden shield is the clipeus virtutis or honorific shield, traditionally inscribed with virtues or achievements; it is here inscribed with an abbreviation to identify it. The original shield was displayed in the Curia, and copies of it were set up all over the Roman world. The shield is flanked by the young laurel trees, which were attributes of the god Apollo with whom Augustus associated himself; such pairs of trees also flanked the buildings housing the oldest priesthoods and gave the entrance to Augustus' house a sacred aspect. Laurel wreaths and branches were also the traditional symbols of victory. The corona civica or civic crown, which Augustus wears in place of the traditional laurel wreath in the portrait on the obverse, was an oak wreath, traditionally awarded for rescuing a comrade in battle. It is given to Augustus here for rescuing the republic and its citizens. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 36a; P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor 1988) 91-97. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.112 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman Empire, Augustus, oak wreath, laurel trees, shield, SPQR Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Augustus, 3.62 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/faa0686adeb4e5ff1e3df706afb253c7.jpg c844c7c5d9cf5f82a1d70081e4418700 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 19 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bare head of Augustus facing right; CAE[SAR AVG]VSTVS: Caesar Augustus. Reverse: In round, domed temple with four columns, Mars standing facing left, wearing cloak and helmet and holding standard in right and trophy over left shoulder; MAR(TIS)-VLT(ORIS): of Mars Ultor. Style/Period: Roman, Empire The return in 20 BCE of the Roman standards captured by the Parthians (see 91.115) was a victory celebrated by Rome with numerous honors for Augustus, although he refused the full military triumph decreed by the Senate. The Senate nevertheless erected a triple triumphal arch depicting the defeated Parthians and crowned with Augustus in a triumphal chariot. The standards themselves were publicly displayed in a small temple built expressly for the purpose and dedicated to Mars Ultor (Mars the Avenger). The standards were usually depicted in the form of the standard for a legion, which consisted of a pole with an eagle on top, although various divisions could also have their own insignia, sometimes in the form of a vexillum or flag (see 91.115). The reverse of this coin depicts one of the standards with its eagle held by the cult statue of Mars in a round, domed structure representing the temple. In his left hand he holds a trophy. No trace of the temple has been found. --Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 68. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.111 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Augustus, dome, temple, columns, Mars, trophy Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Augustus, 3.72 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/c1185f971150e5211aacc50a48ec3dcc.jpg 1a334a270b5433e080a002b4de2499f5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 19 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Liber facing right; TVRPILIANVS III VIR: Turpilianus, triumvir. Reverse: Parthian kneeling to right., offering standard with vexillum in right, holding out left ;[CAESAR A]VGVSTVS SIGN(IS) RECE(PTIS): Caesar Augustus; standards retaken. Style/Period: Roman Empire This coin refers to the event that Augustus regarded as his greatest diplomatic achievement, the recovery in 20 BCE of legionary standards and prisoners captured by the Romans' long-time enemies, the Parthians. On the reverse is a kneeling Parthian, identified as a barbarian by his native dress, extending a standard with a vexillum or flag attached to it in his right hand. The standards had been lost by others in earlier operations against the Parthians, by M. Crassus at the battle of Carrhae in 53 BCE, by Decidius Saxa in Syria in 40 BCE, and by Marc Antony in his invasion of Armenia in 36 BCE The surrender was achieved by diplomatic means, but it accompanied the recovery of Armenia, and in Rome it was regarded as a military victory for which the Senate voted Augustus a triumph. Augustus refused the full triumphal celebration, but he allowed his triumphal insignia to be displayed, and an arch was erected in the Forum Romanum to commemorate the event. The recovered standards were placed in the small round Temple of Mars Ultor (Mars the Avenger) built especially for them (see 91.111). This coin comes from one of the last series to bear the names and symbols of the triumviri monetales, the board of three officials in charge of minting; their names and symbols had been a regular feature of republican coinage. The coins of Publius Petronius Turpilianus feature nature deities; the head on the obverse is Liber, an Italian god of wine commonly identified with Bacchus. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 287. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.115 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Edward Gans. December 3, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Liber, Parthian, standard, vexillum, Augustus Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Augustus, 3.93 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7968c319460abe2fc20a1604dba2dacb.jpg 434f6b81110c3fc9f9dfbc50cff9a753 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Octavian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 28 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bare head of Octavian facing right; behind, lituus; CAESAR CO(N)S(VL) [VI]: Caesar, consul for the sixth time. Reverse: Crocodile facing right; AEGVPTO CAPTA: Egypt captured. Style/Period: Roman Republic This denarius celebrates the successful conclusion of Octavian's Egyptian campaign. The campaign began with the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, at the Gulf of Ambracia on the western coast of Greece, in which he defeated the fleet of his rival Marc Antony and forced Antony and his ally Kleopatra to flee to Egypt. On August 1, 30 BCE Octavian's forces entered the Egyptian capital, Alexandria, where most of Antony's troops surrendered. Antony and soon after Kleopatra committed suicide, and Octavian became sole ruler of the Roman world. In 29 BCE Octavian returned to Rome for his official triumph (a triple one, primarily celebrating his successes at Actium and Alexandria but also in Illyricum), and in the following year the crocodile with the inscription AEGVPTO CAPTA celebrated the event on these denarii, probably struck at Rome. The portrait on the obverse is a particularly youthful one. The lituus behind it, a symbol of the priest as augur or diviner of success or failure, is often taken to refer to the customary auguries before battle and thus here probably refers to the anticipated victories in the three campaigns celebrated in 29 BCE. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 275a. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.113 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Edward Gans, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Octavian, lituus, crocodile, Egypt, Augustus Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Octavian, 3.58 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/10f7e6fc89e7c034ca2664874a1949df.jpg e60ecb6dd507931f8b8734899e196c87 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Octavian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 29-27 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Victoria standing to right on prow, holding wreath in right and palm in left Reverse: Octavian, holding olive branch, in triumphal quadriga to right; IMP(ERATOR) CAESAR: Imperator Caesar. Style/Period: Roman Republic In 31 BCE Octavian, the great-nephew and adopted heir of Julius Caesar, brought an end to the civil wars that had plagued the late Roman republic since the assassination of Caesar when his forces defeated the huge navy of his rival Marc Antony and Kleopatra of Egypt and he emerged as sole ruler of Rome. The rival leaders had for some time issued their own coins to finance their military needs, and Octavian continued to do so, but from the time he was given the honorific title Augustus and constitutional imperial power by the Senate in 27 BCE, he gradually took control of Roman coinage and its institutions and established the model for the coinage that served the Roman empire for the next three centuries. The coin types that he and his successors used were meant to inform the better educated Roman public of their achievements and various aspects of imperial policy. This coin, issued by Octavian before he received his title and position in 27 BCE, seems somewhat old-fashioned in that it does not depict his portrait. The head of the issuer first appeared on the coins of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE (see 91.106). A portrait quickly became the popular obverse of the rivals in the civil war that followed Caesar's assassination and would eventually become the norm for imperial coinage. But both the obverse and reverse of this coin feature types referring to Octavian's victory over Antony and Kleopatra. Victoria on a ship's prow on the obverse refers to naval victory, specifically Octavian's defeat of Antony's fleet in the Battle of Actium. But the depiction of Octavian in a triumphal quadriga on the reverse indicates that the coin actually dates from his triple triumph (for his victories in Illyricum and Egypt, as well as in the battle of Actium) in Rome in 29 BCE, when the Senate conferred numerous honors upon him. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 264. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.107 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Hesperia Art, Mar. 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Republic, Victoria, prow, wreath, Octavian, olive branch, quadriga, Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Octavian, 3.86 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/d2059348d90b267b27d69e954147eb26.jpg 339b952b430a3b2ff109bb72b734d375 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Julius Caesar, Marcus Mettius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 44 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Julius Caesar facing right, with long neck; CAESAR IMPER(ATOR): Caesar, imperator. Reverse: Venus Victrix walking to left, holding small Victoria in left and spear in right, with shield at left side; monogram in left field; M METTIVS: Marcus Mettius (mint magistrate). Style/Period: Roman Republic Julius Caesar was born in 100 BCE to a patrician family that claimed descent from Aeneas, mythical founder of Rome, and his mother, the goddess Venus. He was one of the greatest speakers, writers, and generals of republican Rome, and he quickly rose through a succession of offices to become dictator. Among those who opposed him were the sons of Pompey the Great, whom Caesar had defeated in 48 B.C. He defeated them at the battle of Munda in 45 BCE, after which the Senate voted him the title imperator for life and the right to wear the laurel wreath, the sign of the victorious general hailed by his troops. As Caesar's power grew and he accepted honors appropriate to a king and even a god, Roman aristocrats formed a plot and had him assassinated on the Ides of March, 44 BCE. Julius Caesar's coinage before 44 BCE. used the traditional types struck for his army, making reference to his own achievements and to his claim that his family was descended from Aeneas and Venus. But in 44 BCE he also began to issue coins bearing his own portrait, the first of a Roman to appear on a coin in his own lifetime, and he thereby established the model for Roman imperial coinage. The portrait depicts Caesar in the "veristic" style typical of the late republic, in which experience and wisdom are suggested by an apparently truthful record of the person's advanced age. He is shown with a very long, lined neck, a prominent Adam's apple, lined cheeks, and a high, lined forehead that hints at the baldness he is said to have tried to conceal with the laurel wreath (Suetonius, Divine Julius, 45). Here the laurel perhaps represents the gold wreath that he had increasingly taken to wearing on public occasions. The reverse depicts the family goddess, Venus, in her military guise as Victrix (Victorious), with her armor and holding Victoria in her right hand. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: J.P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (London 1978) 17. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.106 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Edward Gans, Mar., 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Republic, Julius Caesar, Venus Victrix, Victoria, shield, Marcus Mettius Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Julius Caesar and Marcus Mettius, 3.78 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/9032608f7881ac1fe000640e2a1c0a95.jpg 2dee7443f628a553fc40a7d82efbbd6a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Egypt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 204-180 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bust of Ptolemy I Soter facing right, wearing diadem and aegis. Reverse: Eagle standing to left on thunderbolt; ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ: of King Ptolemy. Style/Period: Hellenistic The Ptolemies greatly revered the founder of their dynasty, Ptolemy I Soter, and retained his portrait head on their common silver tetradrachms until the end of the dynasty (see 91.096, 91.097). The eagle and thunderbolt on the reverse, attributes of his patron deity, Zeus, were his personal device. This coin was issued in the name of Ptolemy V Epiphanes (Illustrious), who was born to the throne and whose coming of age and crowning in 197 BCE provided the occasion of the decree of the priests of Memphis recorded on the Rosetta Stone. During its war with Syria from 202 to 200 BCE, Egypt needed to issue coins in several localities. Many of the issues were the conventional types, including the Soter tetradrachm. The portrait shows considerable change in the characteristics of Ptolemy I from the coins he issued for himself (compare 91.096). Although the typical Soter features, the prominent, obstinate chin and the bulging forehead, are recognizable, the portrait is more idealized and youthful, the eye larger, the nose straighter and less beaked. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) (Cambridge 1991). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.101 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased for Edward Gans, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Ptolemy I Soter, diadem, aegis, eagle, thunderbolt, Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Egypt Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Egypt, 13.47 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/a8018c13bb53481979c843d170027f70.jpg 5cec3c30c79324e985687764ac7e794b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ptolemy IV Philopator, Egypt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 221-205 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bust of Ptolemy III facing right., wearing radiate diadem and aegis, scepter-trident behind shoulder. Reverse: Radiate cornucopia bound with fillet; ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ: of King Ptolemy. Style/Period: Hellenistic This coin depicting Ptolemy III Euergetes (Benefactor) was issued by his successor, Ptolemy IV Philopator (Father-lover), as a gesture of dynastic continuity and of the filial piety that his name implies. Ptolemy III was the son of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II. He married his cousin Berenike II, princess of Kyrene, thereby reuniting Egypt with Kyrene, which Ptolemy II had lost. He carried on a successful war against Syria and acquired important cities in Asia Minor and Thrace. The portrait on the obverse confers upon Ptolemy III several attributes of divinity. He wears the aegis associated with Zeus that had been an attribute of Ptolemy I Soter (see 91.096). The trident that forms part of his scepter alludes to Poseidon, god of the sea, and to Ptolemaic naval power, which was at its height under Ptolemy III. The radiate diadem on the portrait head and the rays over the cornucopia on the reverse refer to the sun god, Helios. The cornucopia itself refers to the abundance and prosperity of Egypt. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: J. Svoronos, Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Ptolemaion 2 (Athens 1904) 1131, pl. 36.4; O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) (Cambridge 1991) 108-109. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.100 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Numismatic Fine Arts, 1989. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Ptolemy III, diadem, aegis, scepter-tri, cornucopia, Ptolemy IV Philopator, Egypt Title A name given to the resource Gold Octodrachm of Ptolemy IV Philopator, Egypt, 27.82 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/529188b2ab3a365178961ddf0c0c41be.jpg 5cdefc337324c68471db1a451b2201cd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ptolemy III Euergetes, Egypt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 246-221 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed and veiled head of Berenike II facing right, wearing necklace. Reverse: Cornucopia bound with diadem; ΒΕΡΕΝΙΚΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ: of Queen Berenike. Style/Period: Hellenistic Ptolemy III Euergetes (Benefactor) carried on successful military campaigns (see 91.100) that brought new wealth into Egypt, resulting in the minting of octodrachms and other gold denominations and a return to the Attic weight standard, which had not been used in Egypt for over sixty years. The most common type on the obverse of the octodrachms was a portrait of his wife, Berenike II of Kyrene. Berenike's marriage to her cousin was politically significant, since it had brought Kyrene, which had been lost by Ptolemy II, back under Egyptian control. Upon the death of her husband, she became joint ruler with her son, Ptolemy IV, who had her murdered. Coin portraits of queens were common in Hellenistic Egypt, where women had higher status than elsewhere in the ancient world and were often influential. Berenike is depicted with the royal diadem and a veil. The fruit-filled cornucopia bound with the royal diadem of the reverse is a symbol of abundance and prosperity often depicted on the coins of agricultural Egypt. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: J. Svoronos, Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Ptolemaion 2 (Athens 1904) 1113, pl. 35.1; O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) (Cambridge 1991) 106. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.099 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Numismatic Fine Arts, 1980. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem, Berenike II, cornucopia , Ptolemy III Euergetes, Egypt Title A name given to the resource Gold Octodrachm of Ptolemy III Euergetes, Egypt, 27.81 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/94f9ec092067913f3c34a7040bfac562.jpg f5760837700af89e5bfb2e1c67606888 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ptolemy II, Egypt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 260s BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Jugate busts facing right of Ptolemy II, diademed and wearing chlamys, and Arsinoe II, diademed and veiled; shield in left field; ΑΔΕΛΘΩΝ: of the siblings. Reverse: Jugate busts facing right of Ptolemy I, wearing diadem and aegis, and Berenike I, diademed and veiled; ΘΕΩΝ: of the gods. Style/Period: Hellenistic Ptolemy II Philadelphos (Brother-lover) succeeded his father, Ptolemy I, and after their deaths deified his father and his mother, Berenike I. In depicting himself and his sister-queen, Arsinoe, on the obverse and his deified parents on the reverse of this octodrachm and on his tetradrachms, he emphasized family resemblance and dynastic continuity. His marriage to his sister scandalized Greeks, but brother-sister marriages were a custom of the Egyptian pharaohs and the Ptolemies continued the tradition for generations. The legends on the coin refer to the cult title of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe, the "divine siblings." These coins were also struck by the successors of Ptolemy II. The shield in the field of the obverse was added to the coins of Ptolemy II minted in Alexandria and may have been his personal badge. The queens of the Ptolemaic dynasty were often powerful and influential. Arsinoe II had been married to Lysimachos of Thrace (see 91.046) and her half-brother, Ptolemy Keraunos, before her marriage to Ptolemy II. Known for her intelligence and ambition, she is credited with influencing her husband's foreign affairs. When she died suddenly in 269 B.C., Ptolemy II established a state cult for her and issued coins with her portrait. Berenike did not participate in public affairs but her influence was nevertheless significant. It was her son rather than Ptolemy's first-born son by his previous marriage who succeeded to the throne, and after her death she received her own temple at Alexandria, near the temple where she and Ptolemy were worshiped together as Savior gods. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: H. Troxell, "Arsinoë's Non-era," American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 28 (1983) 60-62; O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) (Cambridge 1991). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.098 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Abner Kreisberg, October 1, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Ptolemy II, diadem, chlamys, Arsinoe II, veiled, shield, Ptolemy I, aegis, Berenike I, , Egypt Title A name given to the resource Gold Octodrachm of Ptolemy II, Egypt, 27.79 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/1e6105282746c9f49d51d30b85ad4c21.jpg 5258942f0a13b58deac08e771698a7b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ptolemy II, Egypt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 285-246 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed head of Ptolemy I facing right, wearing aegis. Reverse: Eagle on thunderbolt to left ; in left field, ΣI; ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ: of King Ptolemy. Style/Period: Hellenistic Ptolemy II Philadelphos (308-246 BCE), the son of Ptolemy I and Berenike I, was made co-ruler with his father in 285 BCE and became sole ruler at his father's death in 283 or 282 BCE Although known for his wealth and extravagant living, he was also a patron of scholars who brought many Greek intellectuals to the famous Library and Museum of Alexandria, which in this period became the cultural and intellectual center of the Greek world. He established many Greek settlements in Egypt. Ptolemy II established his family's ruler cult by marrying his sister, Arsinoe II, and deifying himself and members of his family. He established dynastic continuity on his coins by retaining the types of Ptolemy I, so that it is often difficult to date the coins to one reign or the other. But while under Ptolemy I coins had been issued only in Egypt, Ptolemy II established mints in Phoenicia, which identified their coins with mint-marks. The mark SI identifies the source of this coin as Sidon. The portrait of Ptolemy I appears to be losing some of its individualized character. It still has the prominent chin and bulging forehead of the coins of Ptolemy I, but the nose is less hooked and the age of the king harder to determine (see 91.096). The pentadrachm was the most common gold denomination under the Ptolemies. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: J. Svoronos, Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Polemaion 2 (Athens 1904) 712, pl. 21.1. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.097 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Bank Leu, August 28, 1973. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem, Ptolemy I, aegis, eagle, thunderbolt, Ptolemy II, Egypt Title A name given to the resource Gold Pentadrachm of Ptolemy II, Egypt, 17.81 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/53f93c29482115968661bc46e69b88c1.jpg b5f267fe06d033365fc84f2d8d2022c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ptolemy I Soter, Egypt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 305-283 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed head of Ptolemy I facing right, with aegis; small Δ behind ear. Reverse: Eagle standing facing left on thunderbolt, wings open; in left field, Ρ above monogram; ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ: of King Ptolemy. Style/Period: Hellenistic After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, his general Ptolemy claimed Alexander's land in Egypt. In 305/04 B.C. he assumed the title of king, and the same year he was given the title Soter or Savior for saving the people of Rhodes from Demetrios Poliorketes, king of Macedonia (see 91.060). The Ptolemaic dynasty that he established controlled Egypt until it was taken by Rome in 31 BCE. Ptolemy's first coinage depicted a portrait of the deified Alexander on the obverse, but with his increasing independence he became the first of Alexander's successors to replace it with his own image. The portrait is highly individualized, with deep-set eyes, high forehead, beaked nose, and prominent chin, and yet the distant gaze, partially open mouth, and the arrangement of the hair recall portraits of Alexander. He wears the royal diadem and an aegis, an attribute of his patron deity, Zeus, around his neck. This portrait type continued on the obverse of tetradrachms throughout the Ptolemaic dynasty (see 91.097, 91.101). This coin is dated to the reign of Ptolemy I by the small D, probably the engraver's initial, behind Ptolemy's ear. The reverse depicts an eagle on a thunderbolt, both attributes of Zeus, which Ptolemy adopted as his personal badge. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 BCE) (Cambridge 1991) 63-66. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.096 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Edward Gans, January 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem, Ptolemy I, aegis, eagle, thunderbolt, Egypt Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Ptolemy I Soter, Egypt, 14.31 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e6d64679ee1a25fb8dc60f8fd2ac443c.jpg f85bee7f3f29c83c2f5dfe35c23d2e54 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Eukratides (Eucratides), Bactria, Afghanistan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource after 170 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bust of Eukratides facing right, wearing cuirass, diadem, and crested helmet with ear and horn of bull. Reverse: Dioskouroi on horses rearing to right; monogram in right field; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΟΔΟΥ: of the Great King Eukratides. Style/Period: Hellenistic Bactria was a partly Hellenized country bordering India that had been part of Seleukid territory but that gained its independence c. 250 BCE Eukratides gained control of Bactria in 170 BCE by raising a revolt against the Euthydemid dynasty. He established himself as king of "the thousand cities of Bactria" and set out to enlarge his kingdom in all directions. While returning from one of his campaigns, he was killed by one of his sons, who seized the throne. The Bactrian coins are known for their strongly realistic portraits and this tetradrachm of Eukratides is no exception. He is depicted as a formidable warrior, wearing a cuirass and a bronze helmet over his diadem. The helmet has the bull's ear and horn that appeared on the leopard-skin helmet of Seleukos I (see 91.089) and that may have been meant to allude to descent from the Seleukids. His features are individualized, his expression stern. On the reverse, the Dioskouroi, Greek heroes noted for their horsemanship and prowess in battle, are shown charging with spears raised. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: N. Davis and C.M. Kraay, The Hellenistic Kingdoms: Portrait Coins and History (London 1973) 238-239. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.095 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, August 15, 1961. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Eukratides, cuirass, diadem, helmet, horn, Dioskouroi, horse, Eukratides, Eucratides, Bactria, Afghanistan Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Eukratides (Eucratides), Bactria, Afghanistan, 16.34 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/872f82ff45d9a8fbebe33af13306b496.jpg b42a85ac67b4967316694eba4b607e78 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Demetrios (Demetrius) II Nikator, Syria Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 129-125 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: In laurel wreath, diademed head of Demetrios facing right. Reverse: Zeus Nikephoros enthroned facing left, with flying Nike in right hand and scepter in left hand; beneath throne, Ο; monogram in left field; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ ΝΙΚΑΤΟΡΟΣ: of King Demetrios, God, Conquerer. Style/Period: Hellenistic The eldest son of Demetrios I, Demetrios II came to the throne in 146 BCE, after killing a pretender to the throne who had killed his father. Demetrios ruled a much reduced territory for six years, until he made war with Parthia and was taken prisoner. He was held hostage in luxury for ten years. In 129 BCE he returned to Syria for a second reign that lasted until his death in 125 BCE. The coins of Demetrios' first reign depicted a clean-shaven ruler who used the traditional Seleukid "Apollo-on-omphalos" type on the reverse (see 91.090), but the coins of his second reign show clear evidence of his time in Parthia, for he wears the long hair and beard of Parthian fashion, which he apparently adopted in captivity. The type, presumably somewhat realistic, stands in sharp contrast to his predecessors' types, which are more idealized in the manner of portraits of Alexander the Great. The Zeus holding Nike on the reverse indicates that the Seleukids are reclaiming Zeus as a patron deity. The same reverse type had been used by Antiochos IV Epiphanes, who adopted Zeus as his patron deity, but it was usurped by the pretender Alexander Balas, who claimed to be the son of Antiochos. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: N. Davis and C.M. Kraay, The Hellenistic Kingdoms: Portrait Coins and History (London 1973) 217-218. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.093 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Hesperia Art, March 26, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem, Demetrios, Zeus Nikephoros, Nike, scepter, Demetrios II Nikator, Demetrius II Nikator, Syria Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Demetrios (Demetrius) II Nikator, Syria, 15.79 g.