12 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/62b1284b5a4a23661f3a69883cd6f6ef.jpg c45573ea438bcf85c719b836fa31a63c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vitellius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 69 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and laureate head of Vitellius facing right; A(VLVS) VITELLIVS GERMAN(ICVS) IMP(ERATOR) AVG(VSTVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE): Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, imperator, Augustus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power. Reverse: Lucius Vitellius, togate and bare-headed, seated facing left on platform, clasping hand of first of three togate citizens standing before him; behind them, a togate citizen seated facing right; in exergue, S(ENATVS) C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; L(VCIVS) VITELL(IVS) CENSOR II: Lucius Vitellius, censor for the second time. Style/Period: Roman Empire Aulus Vitellius Germanicus was one of three men who quickly rose and fell from the rank of Augustus in 69 CE. He initially came into high office through the influence of his distinguished father, Lucius. He was governor of Lower Germany when the revolt against Nero began, and the troops that at first supported Galba quickly switched their allegiance to him. After the death of Galba and the proclamation of Otho, his army defeated Otho's, and after Otho's suicide the Senate recognized Vitellius. He attempted to abdicate when Vespasian's troops moved against him, but the offer was refused, and he was put to death by Vespasian after only eight months in power. Like Galba, Vitellius preferred realism in his portraits. His coins show a middle-aged man (he was fifty-six when he died) with a short military haircut. The flabby cheeks, double chin, and huge neck confirm reports of his obesity. The emperor's father, Lucius, had married into the family of Augustus and was far more distinguished than his son. He was consul under Augustus and Claudius and was made censor in 49 CE. His son celebrated both his father's consular and censorial offices on his coins. On the reverse of this sestertius Vitellius depicts his father in his position as censor. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 134. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.016 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 16-Dec-1992. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Vitellius, Lucius Vitellius, togate, citizens Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Vitellius, 24.44 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/36e88efbe70eb73fc3ec07b6f6a820af.jpg a57d3b928d8f5cbfecb3ab1f160a0169 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2 BCE- c. 14 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Augustus facing right; CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F(ILIVS) PATER PATRIAE: Caesar Augustus, son of a god (the Divine Julius Caesar), father of the country. Reverse: Gaius and Lucius Caesar facing, togate and veiled, each holding shield, spear; in field above, simpulum and lituus; C(AIVS) L(VCIVS) CAESARES in exergue, AVGVSTI F(ILII) CO(N)S(VLES) DESIG(NATI) PRINC(IPES) IVVENT(VTIS): Gaius and Lucius Caesar, sons of Augustus, consuls designate, leaders among the youth. Style/Period: Roman, Empire Since the emperor Augustus had no sons, he adopted his grandsons, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, the sons of his only child Julia and his old friend and close associate Marcus Agrippa. The emperor was very attached to the boys and granted them titles and positions of authority from an early age. The titles given the boys on the reverse of this coin announce that Augustus intended them to succeed him. Although Augustus was at least sixty years old when this coin was issued, his portrait on the obverse remains that of the youthful Augustus. On the reverse are Gaius and Lucius with the silver shields and spears that accompany the title princeps iuventutis or leader among the youth, an honorary title designating the heir to the throne. Between them are sacrifical inplements, a simpulum or ladle and a lituus or curved staff used in augury; Gaius was made a pontifex or priest and Lucius an augur or soothsayer. The earliest year in which this coin could have been issued was 2 BCE, when Augustus received the new honorific title pater patriae, father of the country; almost all emperors would henceforth receive the title upon coming into power. On the same occasion, Lucius was designated a future consul, one of the two principal magistrates of the state, and made princeps iuventutis; his older brother, Gaius, had received the same honors in 5 BCE Although Lucius and Gaius died prematurely, in 2 and 4 CE respectively, the coins commemorating their elevation were issued until late in the reign of Augustus. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 206. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.109 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, February 29, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Augustus, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, togate, shield, spear, simpulum, lituus, Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Augustus, 7.88 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/5173ec07592af5ccd1606e37dc9d2f61.jpg e5c82a66e9230909407970289fc40bf6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gaius Germanicus (Caligula) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 39-40 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and veiled Pietas seated facing left, holding patera in right and resting left on small figure forming part of seat; C(AIVS) CAESAR DIVI AVG(VSTI) PRON(EPOS) AVG(VSTVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) III P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Gaius Caesar, great-grandson of Divine Augustus, Augustus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the third time, father of the country; in exergue, PIETAS: Pietas. Reverse: Before hexastyle garlanded temple surmounted by quadriga, Gaius, togate and veiled, sacrifices with patera over garlanded altar; attendant to left leads bull to altar; attendant to right holds patera; DIVO-AVG(VSTO): to Divine Augustus; S(ENATVS)- C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire The emperor Tiberius was succeeded by Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, the only male member of the family of the popular Germanicus to survive the plots of Tiberius and his adviser, Sejanus, who had feared their interference with the succession. Officially known as Gaius Caesar, he accompanied his father on his assignment at the Rhine frontier, where the soldiers nicknamed him Caligula or Little Boot for the miniature military outfit he wore there. As emperor he became increasingly autocratic, cruel, and extravagant, and his troops assassinated him in 41 CE. Few of Caligula's coins refer to specific events in his reign, emphasizing instead his family and particularly his relationship to Augustus. On the obverse of this sestertius the usual portrait of the emperor has been replaced by the personification Pietas, who refers particularly to the obligation to honor the family. The legend specifically identifies Caligula's relationship to Augustus, and on the reverse the emperor sacrifices to Augustus in front of the Temple of Divine Augustus, which was begun by Tiberius but dedicated by Caligula in 37 CE. This coin type was first issued in 37 CE to commemorate the dedication of the temple and later revived. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 44; P.V. Hill, The Monuments of Rome as Coin Types (London 1989) 19-21. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.128 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, August 12, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Pietas, patera, temple, quadriga, Gaius, Caligula, sacrifice, altar, bull Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Gaius (Caligula), 27.44 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3602d504360c9b9fe4b25162d4acbcfc.jpg cc8c112e5bb6c1d8f43c4637bc404f20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tiberius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 15-37 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Tiberius facing right; TI(BERIVS) CAESAR DIVI AVG(VSTI) F(ILIVS) Reverse: Seated female figure (Livia or Pax?) facing right, holding scepter in right hand and branch in left hand; PONTIF(EX) MAXIM(VS): pontifex maximus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Tiberius, born in 42 BCE, became the stepson of the future Augustus when his mother, Livia, married Octavian in 38 BCE When it became clear that Augustus intended his grandsons, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, as his heirs, Tiberius went into morose exile on Rhodes, but after the untimely deaths of the two boys Augustus adopted Tiberius, and he became a loyal and successful general in Augustus' wars in Germany. When Augustus died in 14 CE, Tiberius inherited the throne. He deified Augustus immediately after his death and pursued Augustan policies with little change. He assumed the office of pontifex maximus, the chief priest of Rome, in 15 CE. His reign was relatively peaceful, spent largely in Rome and in seclusion in his villas on the island of Capri. He died in 37 CE at the age of seventy-eight. From the age of four Tiberius had lived in the shadow of Augustus, and his gold and silver coinage concentrates almost exclusively on his relationship to his divine predecessor and other members of his family and on personifications of imperial virtues. The coins have none of the references to imperial achievements that had characterized the coinage of Augustus. Even his portrait shows strong Augustan influence, probably another way of emphasizing the relationship and the legitimacy of his succession. The hairstyle, with its locks combed down on the forehead, is very similar, as is the general idealized quality. He differs from Augustus, however, in his broad forehead and very large eyes, noted by the biographer Suetonius (Tiberius, 68). The reverse depicts a seated figure, sometimes identified as Tiberius' mother Livia and sometimes as Pax, the personification of peace, with her standard attributes, a scepter and palm branch. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69. rev. ed. (London 1984) 25. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.118 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Abner Kreisberg. October 2, 1974. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Tiberius, female, Livia, Pax, scepter, branch Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Tiberius, 7.74 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/2f60577e9b81c1172ec22c87d85a2b46.jpg d1119d24b9fa7de951ca052004a52404 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gaius Germanicus (Caligula) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 40 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Gaius to right; C(AIVS) CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) PON(TIFEX)M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) POT(ESTATE) III CO(N)S(VL) III: Gaius Caesar Augustus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the third time, consul for the third time. Reverse: Radiate head of Augustus to right; DIVVS AVG(VSTVS) PATER PATRIAE: Divine Augustus, father of the country. Style/Period: Roman Empire Much of Caligula's coinage honored his family members and emphasized dynastic continuity. The great-grandson of Augustus, he dedicated the Temple of Divine Augustus begun by Tiberius (see 91.128), and he both honored Augustus and drew attention to his relationship to him by placing his portrait on the reverse of these coins. Augustus is depicted as a divinity wearing a crown with rays of the sun god, Sol. Caligula's portrait on the obverse conforms to the general type of the Julio-Claudian successors of Augustus, inspired by the hairstyle and idealized features of portraits of Augustus. In the case of Caligula, however, the idealization may have been more extreme, since the biographer Suetonius describes him as unattractive and balding (Caligula, 50). -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 23. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.124 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Abner Kreisberg, 1970. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Gaius, Caligula, Augustus Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Gaius (Caligula), 7.73 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/8ccf8e8bbdd1b751ccaa79cc33f9ad23.jpg 728223cf90b3eac067bac20966eaa3a3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 55 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Jugate busts of Nero facing right, bare-headed and draped at back of neck, and Agrippina II, bare-headed and draped; NERO CLAVD(IVS) DIVI F(ILIVS) CAES(AR) AVG(VSTVS) GERM(ANICVS) IMP(ERATOR) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTETATE) CO(N)S(VL). Nero Claudius, son of a god (the Divine Claudius), Caesar Augustus Germanicus, imperator, with tribunician power, consul. Reverse: Quadriga of elephants facing left, bearing two chairs holding two male figures, Divine Claudius, radiate, holding eagle-tipped scepter in right hand, and Divine Augustus, radiate, holding patera in right hand and scepter in left; above elephants, EXS C: by authority of the Senate; AGRIPP(INA) AVG(VSTA) DIVI CLAVD(II) {supply uxor} NERONIS CAES(ARIS) MATER: Agrippina Augusta, wife of Devine Claudius, mother of Nero Caesar. Style/Period: Roman Empire The emperor Nero (Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus Nero Claudius Caesar) was the son of Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger, but his mother later married the emperor Claudius, who adopted him in CE 50. He married Octavia, the daughter of Claudius, in 54 CE and became emperor in 55 CE, when his ruthless mother poisoned Claudius. Agrippina exerted powerful influence over her son at the beginning of his reign, but Nero quickly began to assert himself and had her murdered in 59 CE. Her initial influence, however, is reflected in the early coinage of Nero, in which she is depicted alongside the still youthful emperor. Agrippina's portrait is very generalized, although she appears to have some of the fashionable corkscrew curls that can be seen in her marble portraits. Nero's portrait is beginning to acquire some of the features that became more prominent as he grew older, the fleshiness in the chin and neck and the mouth that recedes between his overhanging nose and rounded chin. The figures with the radiate crowns in the quadriga on the reverse most likely represent the two deified emperors, Augustus and Claudius; one of Nero's first acts as emperor was the consecration of his step-father. Their presence strengthened Nero's claim to the throne through relationship to them. The elephant quadriga had been used on the coins of Tiberius honoring Divine Augustus. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 6. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.135 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought at Stack's auction, Morgan, Sept. 14, 1983. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, Agrippina II, quadriga, elephant, Divine Claudius, eagle, scepter, Divine Augustus, patera Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Nero, 7.60 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/db3fdb3b99a2bb75c6b0e07948f304c0.jpg d2f0830c29e2bc52dd699439ffff92af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-65 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Nero facing right; NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS: Nero Caesar Augustus. Reverse: Jupiter seated facing left, holding thunderbolt in right and scepter in left; IVPPITER CVSTOS: Jupiter the Guardian. Style/Period: Roman Empire By 65 CE the cruelty and extravagance for which Nero became notorious, including the murder of his mother, wife, step-brother, and tutor, had made him increasingly hated, and a conspiracy named for its leader, Piso, was formed to depose him. Nero's discovery of the plot resulted in a murderous purge. This coin is usually seen as commemorating the failure of the conspiracy, its reverse depicting Jupiter, the "guardian" of Nero. Nero is reported to have dedicated the dagger that was to have killed him to Jupiter Vindex (Avenger) in the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitol. Although the conspiracy failed, revolts occurred in various parts of the empire, and in 68 CE Nero was forced to commit suicide. The head on the obverse depicts his most well-known and distinctive portrait type, in which he has abandoned the Julio-Claudian features of his youth (see 91.135) for an apparently more realistic type that does nothing to disguise his gross appearance, his facial structure all but disappearing under layers of fat. His distinctive hair rises in a wreath of waves from his forehead and grows long at the nape of his neck. He also has sideburns and a slight beard. In 64 CE a great fire destroyed much of Rome. The cost of rebuilding was enormous and resulted in a reform of the monetary system. The weight of the aureus was reduced from 1/42 to 1/45 of a Roman pound (that is, from c. 7.70-7.85 g. to c. 7.25-7.40 g.). The weight of this aureus indicates that it was issued after the reform. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 52. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.134 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, February 27, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, Jupiter, thunderbolt, scepter Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Nero, 7.31 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e7e821979f256754e8fa35be48584889.jpg 3416130c692a58239278bb7720bf0089 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-66 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Nero facing left; NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GER(MANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) IMP(ERATOR) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, imperator, father of the country. Reverse: On right, veiled and draped Ceres seated left, holding grain in right and torch in left; on left, draped Annona standing right, right resting on hip, left holding cornucopia; between them, modius on garlanded altar; behind, ship's stern; ANNONA AVGVSTI CERES: Annona and Ceres of the Augustus; in exergue, S(ENATVS) C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire By Nero's time the city of Rome had long ceased to be self-sufficient in its food supplies, especially grain, which had to be imported from all over the empire. Nero took great pains on his coins to refer to the adequacy of the grain supply in his reign. His sestertius depicting his improvements in the Port of Ostia (see 91.141), the main point of entry for the imported grain, alluded to its improved transport, and the reverse of this sestertius conveys the same message in another way. On either side of an altar are Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture, and Annona, the personification of the grain harvest. Ceres holds her usual attributes, grain and the torch with which she searches for her daughter, Proserpina, held captive in the Underworld for the winter months. Annona holds a cornucopia, symbol of agricultural abundance; this is her first appearance on a coin. On the altar is a modius, a grain measure, and in the background a ship's stern, references to the transport of the grain. The portrait on the obverse portrays Nero with curls rather than a shelf of waves over his forehead and with a beard (compare 91.134). --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 140. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.137 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Platt Hall collection; ex du Chastel collection; Malter, 1975. Subject The topic of the resource Nero, Ceres, grain, torch, Annona, cornucopia, modius, garland, altar, ship Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 25.35 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/8bdb0574f2eb666025e82cc17303fdfb.jpg 60fb30ebb2aafb04f32e8740422dc8f9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-66 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Nero facing right; NERO CLAVD(IVS) CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GER(MANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) IMP(ERATOR) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, imperator, father of the country. Reverse: Nero, bare-headed, cuirassed, and wearing cloak, prancing right on horseback, holding spear in right hand; behind, mounted soldier prancing right with vexillum over right shoulder; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; in exergue, DECVRSIO: decursio. Style/Period: Roman Empire The reverse of this sestertius of Nero depicts the decursio, a type of military exercise on horseback that was perhaps performed in the training of the cavalry and in public shows and competitions. Nero was very fond of horses, particularly chariot racing, and it would not have been out of character for him to have had himself depicted as a participant in this event. The standard bearer who accompanies him suggests that the exercise in this case was meant to refer to manoeuvers of the praetorian guard, the troops who guarded the emperor. The portrait on the obverse of this coin is Nero's late type, with its distinctive hairstyle and very fleshy face and neck. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 396, 436. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.138 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Ives collection; Coin Galleries, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, cuirass, horse, spear, soldier, vexillum Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 25.79 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/bcd70939b6947cf88c7f0bfa79851cae.jpg c413d4d9e4160e8c3e416caae3719e46 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-66 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Nero facing right; NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GER(MANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) IMP(ERATOR) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, imperator, father of the country. Reverse: Triumphal arch with garland across arch; above, emperor in facing quadriga led on left by Victoria holding wreath and palm, on right by Pax holding caduceus and cornucopia; below quadriga to left and right of attic, figures of soldiers; in niche on left side of arch, figure of Mars standing right, holding spear in right and shield in left; reliefs on piers and bases of arch; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire Just prior to Nero's accession, the Parthians, people who had long threatened the eastern borders of the empire, captured Armenia. Nero appointed the distinguished general Domitius Corbulo to take charge of the Roman interests in the region, and his successful campaigns from 58 to 62 CE, as much diplomatic as military, caused the Parthians to withdraw. The triumphal arch depicted on the reverse of this sestertius is thought to be the arch the Senate awarded Nero for the peace that resulted. It was located on the Capitoline Hill. No traces of it remain; it was probably destroyed after Nero's death. On top of the arch, Nero in his triumphal quadriga is escorted by Victoria and Pax, representing the peace achieved through the victory in Armenia. The statue of Mars in the niche should be understood as Mars Ultor, in whose temple were kept the Roman standards captured by the Parthians and recovered by Augustus (see 91.115,91.111), thus equating Nero's recent success with the Parthians with that famous achievement of Augustus. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 147; F. Kleiner, The Arch of Nero in Rome (Rome 1985). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.140 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, August 12, 1969. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, triumphal arch, garland, arch, quadriga, Victoria, wreath, Pax, cornucopia, soldiers, Mars, spear, shield Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 27.04 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/c1bfb7826d1de5ca037640416277b733.jpg 8b61db0610d2ac6e8fce92712e79d022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Galba Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 69 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and laureate bust of Galba facing right; IMP(ERATOR) SER(VIVS) SVLP(ICIVS)GALBA CAES(AR) AVG(VSTVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE): ImperatorServius Sulpicius Galba, Caesar, Augustus, with tribunician power. Reverse: Libertas standing facing left, draped and holding pileus in right and scepter in left; LIBERTAS PVBLICA: Liberty of the public; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire Servius Sulpicius Galba, who was born into an old aristocratic family and who had served as governor in Germany and Spain, joined the revolt against Nero, was hailed imperator by his troops, and assumed the title Augustus on the death of Nero. He was murdered by his troops after a reign of only about eight months. Galba issued coins during the revolt, before he had been confirmed as Augustus by the Senate, and these featured types and slogans of the revolt promising the restitution of Rome and of liberty. This coin, issued after Galba had become emperor, still has some of that character, with its reverse depicting Libertas Publica. Libertas had been worshipped in the republic as the personification of personal liberty, but in the empire she stood for liberation from tyranny. Here she holds her usual attributes, a scepter and a pileus, a conical cap given to slaves when they received their freedom. Galba's portrait on the obverse shows that he rejected the youthful classicism of the Julio-Claudians and the flourishes of Nero for an uncompromising realism perhaps meant to recall the verism of the late republic and to appeal to the military upon which his power depended. He was already over seventy when he became emperor, and he is depicted as elderly, with a lined forehead, bags under his eyes, and sagging jowls. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 309. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.143 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, March 11, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empires, Galba, Libertas, pileus, scepter Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Galba, 26.27 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/c6edbe518916b6859129f26c0c8818d2.jpg 6f7b7c544bf47e683b537c5e868a345d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 66-68 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Nero to right; IMP(ERATOR) NERO CLAVD(IVS) CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GER(MANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Imperator Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, father of the country. Reverse: Roma, helmeted and in military dress, seated left on cuirass, holding Victoria in right and resting left on parazonium; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; in exergue, ROMA: Rome. Style/Period: Roman Empire In July 64 CE much of the city of Rome was destroyed by a fire that burned for days. Although Nero was widely blamed for the fire (it was known that he wanted to clear a large part of the city for a new palace), he took it upon himself to rebuild both the public and private sectors of the city. He cared for the refugees and replaced the old shacks and tenements with insulae, apartment blocks constructed of concrete faced with brick, of limited height and situated on a grid plan of widely-spaced streets, which eased the overcrowded conditions and made the housing safer and more easily accessible to fire brigades. The reverse of this sestertius celebrates the rebirth of the city. Roma, the personification of the city of Rome who was worshiped as a goddess, wears a short tunic, with her right breast bared in the manner of an Amazon, and armor, including a parazonium or short sword worn at the waist. As a symbol of the city's triumph she holds Victoria in her extended right hand. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 329. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.139 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, March 10, 1961. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, Roma, helmet, cuirass, Victoria, parazonium Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 26.50 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f5ba8c2b6c8c334b388004284b9d0db3.jpg 966e08449153b12e310c8f53dd88cefa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-66 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Nero facing right; NERO CLAVD(IVS) CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GERM(ANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) IMP(ERATOR) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, imperator, father of the country. Reverse: Bird's-eye view of the port of Ostia. At top, lighthouse surmounted by statue of Neptune left, holding scepter; at bottom, reclining figure of Tiber left, holding rudder in right and dolphin in left; to left, crescent-shaped pier with portico; to right, crescent-shaped row of slips; in center, seven ships; PORT(VS) OST(IENSIS) AVGVSTI: the port of Augustus of Ostia; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire One consequence of the emperor Nero's monetary reform of c. 64 CE (see 91.134) was the reintroduction of the bronze sestertius, which had been suspended since the time of the emperor Claudius. These large coins provided Nero's die-engravers with opportunities to develop not only fine portraits for the obverses but also very detailed reverses designed to remind people of the emperor's good qualities and the services he provided to the people of Rome. The reverse of this sestertius commemorates the expansion of the Roman port of Ostia. The work was begun by Claudius in 42 CE, in order to provide year-round deliveries of grain. The harbor was dedicated in 54 CE, but ten years later Nero made it part of an ambitious plan to connect Lake Avernus to Ostia with a 125-mile long canal, a project never completed. The port itself is depicted with a wealth of detail, not all of which is legible on this coin. The porticoes of the pier on the left probably represent the warehouses and offices through which the city's imported grain supply passed. The slips on the right may represent the docking area. In the harbor large and small ships come and go under the watchful eyes of the statue of Neptune, god of the sea, and a personification of the river Tiber. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 180. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.141 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, August 12, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, port, Ostia, lighthouse, statue, Neptune, scepter, Tiber, personification, rudder, dolphin, pier, slips, ships Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 26.40 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/58d16bd81c26e42c1220468efbc15a7c.jpg 62afea33da2ea238d0e957c5b7ea7d9d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 9-8 B.C.E. Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Augustus facing right; AVGVSTVS DIVI F(ILIVS): Augustus, son of a god (the Divine Julius Caesar). Reverse: Augustus, togate, seated to left on stool on platform, extending right to infant held toward him by figure wearing cloak; in exergue, IMP(ERATOR) XIIII: imperator for the fourteenth time. Style/Period: Roman, Empire A major goal of Augustan policy in the West was to move the western frontier of the empire from the Alps, close enough to allow incursions into Italy from the tribes to the north, to the Rhine and eventually to the Elbe rivers. Augustus worked out the strategy for the campaign while he was in Lugdunum (modern Lyons) from 16 to 13 BCE. From 12 to 9 BCE there were successes under his stepsons, Drusus and Tiberius, which were celebrated on the reverse of this coin issued in Lugdunum depicting a defeated German presenting a child to the seated emperor. These victories were soon followed by revolts, however, and the Roman forces were eventually forced back to the Rhine. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 201a. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.110 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Abner Kreisberg, October 5, 1970. Subject The topic of the resource Roman Empire, Augustus, togate, infant Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Augustus, 7.76 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/04d7accfd834eccccc6641e19b74b88d.jpg a924cfd9d6bc6524914988af80516f6f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 15-13 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bare head of Augustus facing right; AVGVSTVS DIVI F(ILIVS): Augustus, son of a god (the Divine Julius Caesar). Reverse: Diana standing facing left, wearing short tunic, leaning on spear in right and holding bow in left ;dog standing to left; [I]MP(ERATOR) - X: imperator for the tenth time; in exergue,SICILI: Sicily. Style/Period: Roman, Empire Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey the Great, was a powerful naval commander who waged a long struggle against Octavian, the heir of Julius Caesar destined to become the emperor Augustus, in the years after Caesar's assassination. Although Pompey styled himself a son of Neptune for his naval prowess, Octavian regarded him as a pirate. His fleet, which was based in Sicily, had defeated Octavian's forces on several occasions, but at Naulochus in 36 BCE. Octavian prevailed. The Senate awarded him a lesser triumph (a solumn procession into the city), an annual victory celebration, and a gilded statue, as well as the right to wear the laurel wreath. Octavian, who by this time had begun to associate himself with the god Apollo, attributed his victory over Sextus Pompey to Apollo and his sister Diana; there was a sanctuary of Diana near the site of the battle. During this battle he was said to have vowed a temple to Apollo on the Palatine; he built it next to his own house, which further solidified his identity with the god. The mint at Lugdunum, modern Lyons, located near much of the western military activity in the Augustan period, was the source of numerous issues with military themes. This coin depicting Diana of Sicily on its reverse, issued long after the battle, recalls the event which did much to establish the power of Octavian in the West. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 172; P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor 1988) 49-53. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.108 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Edward Gans, Dec. 3, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Augustus, Diana, spear, bow, dog Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Augustus, 7.74 g.