11 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7599a4669d4d235bef5f45a5348dd731.jpg a972d1bdd747f6af6cfe9f91f7c5638f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agrigentum (Akragas), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 420-415 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Eagle with spread wings standing on supine hare and devouring it; below, cockle shell. ΑΚΡΑΓ ΑΝΤΙΝ Ο Ν: of Akragas. Reverse: Crab and broad sea fish with open mouth and spines along its back; on either side of crab, cockle shell and conch. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) Beginning with the early coins of Akragas, the typical obverse type depicted an eagle, a symbol of Olympian Zeus, who was an important deity in Akragas. Later, a type depicting two eagles feasting on a hare became popular (see coins 93.010, 2001.080) and may have originated as a tribute to the Greek playwright Aeschylus, who had died in 456 BCE in the nearby city of Gela; Akragas had been founded in c. 580 BCE as a colony of Gela. In Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, Zeus sends a sign of two eagles devouring a pregnant hare to Agamemnon. An augur interpreted this sign to mean that the brothers Agamemnon and Menelaus would sack Troy (Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 109ff). Strangely, the artist decided to depict only one eagle on the coin, seemingly mixing the earlier type with the imagery that had become more common when this coin was issued. On the reverse, the die-engraver depicted a crab in the middle, flanked by a cockle shell on the left and a conch on the right. The crab was probably a type found in the local river or the sea and became a symbol of Akragas. Below the crab is a large fish, which has been identified as a mero or cernia, species found in the area. Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum II: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 11, no. 59; F. E. Zeuner, “Fish on Ancient Coins,” The Numismatic Circular 71, 1963, 142-143; C. M. Kraay, Greek Coins (New York 1966), 296, no. 173, pl. 60; K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1976) 46-47; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 226, pl. 46, no. 793; N. K. Rutter, The Greek Coinages of Southern Italy and Sicily (London 1997) 149, fig. 162. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.079 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, eagle, hare, barleycorn, scallop shell, crab, broad sea fish, conch, Agrigentum, Akragas, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Akragas, 17.12 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/fe9d2553b2e8a113d65363549e043461.jpg 77a670b987c9976af520a2bb5577adfb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agrigentum (Akragas), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 412-406 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Quadriga driven to left by Nike holding reins in both hands and a goad in left hand; above, vine-branch with leaves and fruit. Exergue very abraded but perhaps originally ΑΚΡΑΓΑΝΤΙ/ΝΟΝ (Rizzo, pl. 2, no. 10; Seltman pl. 3, H). Reverse: Two eagles devouring supine hare lying on rocks; farthest eagle has spread wings and is about to tear the prey; nearest has closed wings and raises its head and screams. In right field, locust. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) Beginning with the early coins of Akragas, the typical obverse image was an eagle, a symbol of Olympian Zeus, who was an important deity in Akragas. Sometime between 420 and 415, the single eagle was replaced by two eagles standing on and devouring a hare. The type depicting two eagles feasting on a hare may have originated as a tribute to the Greek playwright Aeschylus, who had died in 456 BCE in the nearby city of Gela; Akragas had been founded in c. 580 BCE as a colony of Gela. In Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, Zeus sends a sign of two eagles devouring a pregnant hare to Agamemnon. An augur interpreted this sign to mean that the brothers Agamemnon and Menelaus would sack Troy (Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 109ff). Beginning c. 413 and continuing until its destruction by Carthage in 406, Akragas, probably in imitation of the coins of Syracuse, adopted a racing quadriga for its obverse type, and the eagles were moved to the reverse. The quadriga may also refer to the chariot victory of the Akragantine Exainetos in the 92nd Olympiad, 412 BCE (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 13.34.1; 13.82.7). Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: G. E. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia (Rome 1946) 90, no. 10, pl. 2; C. T. Seltman, “The Engravers of the Akragantine Decadrachms,” Numismatic Chronicle 8 (1948) 1-10, no. 11, pl. II, H; K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1976) 46-49; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 226-227; N. K. Rutter, The Greek Coinages of Southern Italy and Sicily (London 1997) 149. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.080 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, eagle, hare, rocks, quadriga, horse, Nike, vine, leaves, fruit, Agrigentum, Akragas, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Akragas, 16.15 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/5ccecd92ac754012026b54a8d013d67f.jpg 7ca8ccb442928cae639ff0de96f9a141 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agrigentum (Akragas), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 415 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Two eagles standing on supine hare, the farther with spread wings, about to tear the hare, the nearer with closed wings, raising its head and screaming. Α ΚΡΑΓ. Reverse: Crab and Scylla, her right hand raised, her left arm trailing. ΑΚΡΑ ΓΑ ΝΤΙΝ ΟΝ. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Beginning with the early coins of Akragas, the typical obverse image depicted an eagle, a symbol of Olympian Zeus, who was an important deity in Akragas. Sometime between 420 and 415, the single eagle was replaced by two eagles standing on and devouring a hare. The type depicting two eagles feasting on a hare may have originated as a tribute to the Greek playwright Aeschylus, who had died in 456 B.C.E in the nearby city of Gela; Akragas had been founded in c. 580 B.C.E. as a colony of Gela. In Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, Zeus sends a sign of two eagles devouring a pregnant hare to Agamemnon. An augur interpreted this sign to mean that the brothers Agamemnon and Menelaus would sack Troy (Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 109ff). The crab on the reverse is a symbol of the city of Akragas. Beneath it is Scylla, the mythological monster who terrorized Odysseus and his men on their journey home from Troy. Scylla was once a beautiful Naiad who was transformed into the terrifying creature shown on the coin, with a female head and torso, a serpent tail, and the foreparts of two dogs. Scylla, along with the whirlpool-monster Charybdis, was believed to have resided in the Strait of Messina, a hazardous passageway between Sicily and Italy. It has been suggested that her presence on these coins may refer to the Syracusan victory over the invading Athenian army during the infamous Sicilian expedition of 415-413 BCE. Akragas, however, seems to have remained relatively neutral during the Sicilian Expedition, so perhaps Scylla is simply meant to signify Akragas’ naval and economic power during this period, which rivaled that of Syracuse. Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: G.E. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia (Rome 1946) 92, pl. 4, no. 1; A Catalogue of the Greek coins in the British Museum II: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 12, no. 61; C. M. Kraay, Greek Coins (New York 1966) 296, no. 175, pl. 60; K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1976) 46-47; N .K. Rutter, The Greek Coinages of Southern Italy and Sicily (London 1997) 149. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.081 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, eagle, hare, crab, skylla, Agrigentum, Akragas, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Akragas, 16.97 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b321f5a625398ffedad1eb57c3265763.jpg 7d9882a6cc56d67bc4a71abd14a812d8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aenus (Ainos), Thrace, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 467-465 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Hermes wearing petasos, to right. Reverse: Goat in incuse square; ΑΙΝΙ: of Ainos; in right field, kantharos. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) In mythology, Aeneus, son of the god Apollo and the nymph Stilbe, founded the Thracian city of Ainos. According to Kallimachos (Kallimachos, Diegesis, 7-8), the great carpenter Epeios, before constructing the Trojan horse, fashioned a statue of Hermes that was lost at sea and brought by the river god Scamander to Ainos. Some fishermen caught the statue and tried to use it for firewood but were unable to cut it or burn it. The fishermen then threw it back into the sea only to catch it again. Now realizing that the statue was divine, the fishermen built a shrine for it. Later, Apollo gave a sign that the statue should be brought into the city. It is for this reason that Hermes Perpheraios (Περφεραῖος possibly referring to a ritual called a περιφέρειν: meaning to carry around) became the patron deity of the city. On the obverse of the coin is the profile head of Hermes wearing his characteristic petasos. The reverse is stamped with an incuse square containing a goat, which is a symbol of Hermes as the divine herdsman, and, at the bottom right, a kantharos, one of many different symbols that accompany the goat on these coins (see also 91.045, a later coin of Ainos with variations of these images). Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: J. M. F. May, Ainos, its history and coinage, 474-341 B.C. (Oxford 1950), 30-31, 272-274, pl. 1, no. 14. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.082 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Hermes, petasos, goat, Aenus, Ainos, Thrace, Turkey Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Ainos (Aenus), 16.09 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e52ec98e96680647902117bf20d259ea.jpg 9b5023a6656a784d924848d096e0ad48 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Croton (Kroton), Bruttium, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 420-390 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Eagle standing to right on Ionic capital; olive branch to right. Reverse: Tripod with lion-paw feet; in left field, grain of barley; ϘΡΟΤ (KROT) upward at right: Kroton abbreviated. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) Kroton was founded by the Achaeans c. 710 BCE, on instructions from the oracle of Apollo at Delphi. The reverse of this coin refers to the founding by displaying the Delphic tripod, in which the priestess of the oracle sat while giving prophecies. Kroton was also well known for its athletics, so the tripod could also refer to the prizes given in athletic games. The grain of barley could be present to advertise a local product or to refer to the city’s wealth. The obverse pays tribute to the athletic dominance of Kroton by depicting an eagle standing on an Ionic capital. The eagle was a symbol of Zeus, to whom the Olympic Games were dedicated; a similar eagle on an Ionic capital occurs on contemporary coins of Elis, which controlled the sanctuary at Olympia (Head, 423, fig. 232). Brenna Ori, LU '17 Bibliography: B. V. Head, Historia Numorum. A Manual of Greek Numismatics (Oxford 1911; reprint Chicago 1967) 94-96; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 167, 181. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought at Coin Galleries Auction, April 3, 1971. Title A name given to the resource Silver stater from Kroton, 7.40 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/81124d45c1c9005ccf64d7abff174301.jpg 0e6e1ddad74c3b0f800b0b6fa63157af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 474-450 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Arethusa to right, wearing earring, necklace, and diadem of beads. Reverse: Sepia; ΣΥΡΑ: Syracuse abbreviated. Style/Period: Early Classical Greece The litra, equivalent to one-fifth of a drachm, is the standard denomination of the native Sicel currency. Although the obverse of this coin has the usual depiction of the Syracusan nymph Arethusa (see coin 91.029), the reverse differs from the quadriga that usually accompanied her on the Syracusan coins of the Greek monetary system based upon the drachm. Arethusa, the nymph of the fresh-water spring at Syracuse, is depicted here in the Severe Style characteristic of Greek art of the period c. 480-450 BCE. This style reflects a more naturalistic approach to the body than the Archaic style (coin 91.029), which can be seen in the proportions and smoother transitions in the facial features. The sepia on the reverse is a type of cuttlefish, probably a reference to the rich sea life of the harbor at Syracuse. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: E. Boehringer, Die Münzen von Syrakus (Berlin, Leipzig, 1929) 423. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.030 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Bank Leu, June 1, 1972. Title A name given to the resource Silver litra of Syracuse, 0.76 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/6db32d0c74a317013bb2787f3d02d7a7.jpg a2682742f36f378298dee36376f2a994 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 450-430 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Charioteer driving slow biga to right; Nike flying above, crowning horses Reverse: Head of Arethusa to right, surrounded by four dolphins; ΣΥΡΑΚ[Ο]ΣΙΟ[Ν] Style/Period: High Classical Greece This coin depicts the traditional victorious chariot and the Syracusan nymph Arethusa (see coin 91.029), now rendered in the High Classical style. This style, dominant from 450 to 400 BCE, reflects an even more naturalistic and less linear approach to the surface of the figures than the Severe Style (compare coin 91.030). Modeling creates areas of light and shade in the musculature of the horse, and the forms of the charioteer’s body are revealed through his clinging drapery. Arethusa’s unusual hairstyle, wrapped four times with a thin cord, is another of the numerous stylistic changes that she will undergo down into the fourth century. The dolphins encircling her head are not so rigidly constrained by the original geometric form which established their arrangement in the Archaic coin (see 91.030). ---Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: E. Boehringer, Die Münzen von Syrakus (Berlin, Leipzig 1929) 672; A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 161, no. 119. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.031 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Seaby's, October 12, 1972. Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Syracuse, 17.42 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3d0c372f61befe4cb9fd6d04e3c3b2eb.jpg c2bb424274673445f7370adc5e156cf2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 380-367 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Arethusa to left, wearing necklace and earring, hair in sphendone with eight-pointed stars, pellet behind neck. Check. Double-struck. Reverse: Young nude Herakles kneeling to right, wrestling Nemean lion. Style/Period: Late Classical Greece The reign of Dionysios I, the tyrant of Syracuse from 405 until 367 BCE, was marked by almost continual struggles with the Carthaginians for control of Sicily. His large denominations like this gold 100 litrai piece (equivalent to two silver dekadrachms) were probably issued largely for the purpose of paying his mercenaries. Some of these coins were signed by Euainetos (see coin 91.032), but this coin does not bear the signature of the artist. The gold issues are thought to have begun c. 380 BCE, since examples in relatively good condition were found in a hoard in eastern Sicily deposited c. 360 BCE. The obverse depicts the head of the Syracusan nymph Arethusa, her hair bound in a sphendone or net decorated with stars. The reverse depicting Herakles’ struggle with the supposedly invincible Nemean lion may refer to Dionysios’ struggles with Carthage. The coin is doublestruck, its design pressed into the metal twice, leaving the images on the obverse and reverse blurred and poorly defined. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: G. de Ciccio, Gli aurei siracusani di Cimoni e di Evaneto (Naples 1922) XV, 44, pl. 39; G. Seltman, Greek Coins2 (London 1955) 128; K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1966) 29-30; C. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 232. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.034 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ottilia Buerger Collection. Ex Santa Barbara Museum of Art. Purchased in Malter auction, March 20, 1975 Title A name given to the resource Gold 100 litrai of Syracuse, 5.80 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/0ad2093f7331c21e37f0be26c866b9f1.jpg 88162766d8f0d85be9eabea1472581fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 304-289 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Athena to right, wearing Corinthian helmet with crest and running griffin, earring, and necklace. Reverse: Winged thunderbolt; ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΟΣ: of King Agathokles; below, monogram. Style/Period: Hellenistic Although Athena was important in her own right in Syracuse, where she had had a temple since the early fifth century, the primary significance of the type of the obverse of this coin is that it copies the obverse of gold staters and distaters issued by Alexander the Great and his successors (see coins 91.055, 91.056). In associating himself with Alexander, one of the great conquerors of all time, Agathokles refers to his own military successes over the Carthaginians. The type also resembles the reverse of the coins of Corinth, which were minted and widely circulated in Sicily after the Corinthian tyrant Timoleon liberated Syracuse from the tyrant Dionysios II and established himself there in 344 BCE. The reverse depicts the winged thunderbolt usually associated with Zeus. The title of basileus or king has been added to Agathokles’ name, the first royal title ever taken by a Syracusan ruler; in this he was influenced by the precedent of Hellenistic successors of Alexander in the east, who began adopting the title in 404 BCE (see coin 91.096). -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 199, no. 419 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.035 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased in Bank Leu auction, May 8, 1979. Title A name given to the resource Gold Stater of Syracuse, 5.77 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/53ea1bd1f1dbe56620818a567e3762a2.jpg 16e2efc205df829bf63edd075c08fe39 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 317-310 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Apollo to left, wearing laurel wreath. Reverse: Biga in full gallop to right; below, triskeles; ΣΥΡΑΚΟΣΙΩΝ: of the Syracusans. Style/Period: Early Hellenistic Agathokles, the tyrant of Syracuse from 317 until 289 BCE, borrowed the types for this coin from the gold staters of Philip II of Macedon and his successors (see coin 91.058), thereby establishing a currency immediately recognizable throughout the Greek world. He also issued staters that were influenced by the coinage of Alexander the Great (see coin 91.035). The general types are also very similar to those of Philip’s coins. Apollo, depicted on the obverse, was also important in his own right in Syracuse; he had had a temple there since the early sixth century. The head of Apollo has the fleshiness and intensity in the eyes that are often associated with portraits of Alexander the Great and that became widespread characteristics of late-fourth-century heads. The racing biga here, as on Philip’s coins, could refer generally to Agathokles’ victories over the Carthaginians. Whereas Philip had placed his name in the exergue of the reverse, Agathokles put his own personal stamp, the three-legged symbol called triskeles, beneath the horses of the reverse. This coin is usually dated to the early part of his rule. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: G. K. Jenkins, “Electrum Coinage at Syracuse,” in Essays in Greek Coinage presented to Stanley Robinson, C. M. Kraay and G. K. Jenkins, eds. (Oxford 1968) 145-162. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.036 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, October 14, 1971 Title A name given to the resource Gold Drachm of Syracuse, 4.29 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/c92b908177b76dcb01a8e3ab2394aca3.jpg 8f45497258247ac7f838fb304216072b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 305-295 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Persephone to right, wearing earring, necklace, and wreath of corn leaves; ΚΟΡΑΣ: of Kore. Reverse: Nike erecting trophy to right; triskeles in right field; monogram in left field; ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕ[ΟΣ]: of Agathokles. Style/Period: Early Hellenistic On this coin, as on his drachms, Agathokles of Syracuse combines types referring to local cults and his own military successes (see coin 91.036). On the obverse, Persephone is identified by the inscription as Kore, the title usually gives her as daughter of Demeter. With her mother she was associated with crops and the seasons, and their cult was an important one throughout agricultural Sicily. She wears a wreath of corn in her long, flowing hair. The reverse commemorates Agathokles’ victory over the Carthaginians in 305 BCE. Nike erects a trophy of military equipment, a thorax, greaves, and shield. In addition to his symbol, the triskeles, Agathokles has added his name to the reverse; the monogram probably stands for his brother Antandros. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1966) 29. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.037 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Bank Leu, June 1, 1972 Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Syracuse, 17.09 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/023682e38beb9443763054d119ee982e.jpg c9f766a1bab4d3252b7ddb416a18c5ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 310-289 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Apollo to left, with long hair and laurel wreath; bow in right field; ΣΥΡΑΚΟΣΙΩΝ: of the Syracusans Reverse: Head of Artemis to right, hair bound with fillet, quiver at her shoulder; bow in left field; ΣΩΤΕΙΡΑ: Soteira. Style/Period: Early Hellenistic This coin depicts two major deities of Syracuse, the brother and sister Apollo and Artemis. Apollo, who had had a temple on the Syracusan island of Ortygia from the sixth century BCE, wears his attribute the laurel wreath. Another of his symbols, the miniature bow in the right field, may be an issue mark. On the reverse, Artemis is characterized as “deliverer.” She had played an important role in Syracuse from its founding by Corinth in 734/33, when the island of Ortygia was consecrated to her. The quiver and bow refer to her connection with hunting. The date of this coin is uncertain, but because its weight is lower than that of other Syracusan electrum coins of the period, Jenkins suggested that it could be later than the others, and he did not rule out a date after the death of Agathokles in 289 BCE. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: G. K. Jenkins, “Electrum Coinage at Syracuse,” in Essays in Greek Coinage presented to Stanley Robinson, C. M. Kraay and G. K. Jenkins, eds. (Oxford 1968) 145-162. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.038 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased in Münzen und Medaillen Auction 61, October 7, 1982. Title A name given to the resource Electrum 100 litrai of Syracuse, 6.99 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/8dff1b91da73222ea08d39406c6b546e.jpg 1b3bb3cccc39dbfa1359803cd82e0c01 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 310-289 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Apollo to left, with long hair and laurel wreath; bow in right field. Reverse: Tripod; ΣΥΡΑΚΟΣΙΩΝ: of the Syracusans. Style/Period: Early Hellenistic This coin is another indication of the importance of the cult of Apollo at Syracuse. The head on the obverse is the same type as the head on the 100 litrai coin (see coin 91.038), but on the smaller coin the Syracusan ethnic has been transferred to the reverse. The tripod on the reverse is another attribute of Apollo; the priestess of his oracle at Delphi, the Pythia, sat in it to receive the god’s prophecies. The date of this coin, like the date of the electrum 100 litrai, is uncertain, but a date at the end of the reign of the tyrant Agathokles seems most likely. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: G. K. Jenkins, “Electrum Coinage at Syracuse,” in Essays in Greek Coinage presented to Stanley Robinson, C. M. Kraay and G. K. Jenkins, eds. (Oxford 1968) 145-162. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.039 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased in Münzen und Medaillen auction, July 11, 1978 Title A name given to the resource Electrum 50 litrai of Syracuse, 3.66 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/0e9dd1219eca3d7b58bb1c896fb2d5c3.jpg dcdca70404578e1d5f20754f4aa1fc8a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 269-215 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Veiled and diademed head of Queen Philistis to left; flaming torch in field at right. Reverse: Nike in racing quadriga to right; beneath horses’ legs, Ε; ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑΣ ΦΙΛΙΣΤΙΔ[ΟΣ]: of Queen Philistos. Style/Period: Hellenistic Hieron II ruled over a peaceful period in Syracusan history. In 269 BCE, he and his wife Philistis took the royal title and diadem. Hieron issued a very large series of this denomination, featuring a portrait of his wife. Although the head on the obverse is generalized and ideal, it should be considered a portrait of Queen Philistis because her name is on the reverse. The portrait was probably modeled on the dekadrachms of Ptolemy II of Egypt, which depicted his wife Arsinoë with a very similar veil and diadem. The coins were also issued on the Ptolemaic weight standard, and it seems likely that Hieron intended to compare himself and his queen to the rulers of the Ptolemaic dynasty. The reverse depicts a racing quadriga reminiscent of the quadrigas on the reverses of the great late-fifth-century Syracsuan coins (see coins 91.032 91.033). The Hellenistic coin shows a greater understanding of perspective, which was still being worked out in the Classical coins. -- Kelly Swett Riordan, LU '93 Bibliography: Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 213, no. 552; P. R. Franke, “Historisch-numismatische Probleme der Zeit Hierons II von Syracus,” Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 9 (1958) 57-85. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.040 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Edward Gans, March, 1959 Title A name given to the resource Silver 16 litrai of Syracuse, 13.27 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/fec52fd7fadc3fa252ba253b8ada54bb.jpg 1a47653910238e5723ce04fc3a0a10f5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sikyon (Sicyon), Greece Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 400-323 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Chimaera to left; below, ΣΙ: Sikyon abbreviated Reverse: Dove flying to left; Νο in right field Style/Period: Late Classical Greece Located not far from Corinth on the Corinthian Gulf, Sikyon was a wealthy city famous for its sculptors and painters. With the decline of Aeginetan coinage after the Athenian conquest of Aegina in 431 BCE, Sikyon became one of the major Peloponnesian mints until the time of Alexander the Great. The chimaera on the obverse is a fire-breathing monster with the forepart of a lion, the middle part a she-goat, her head rising from its back, and the tail of a serpent. Its significance on the coinage is not certain, but it has been suggested that, since it was a creature that endangered Sikyon’s frequent enemy, Corinth, it was taken up as a symbol of their rivalry. The dove on the reverse is an attribute of Aphrodite, who had a sanctuary in Sikyon and whose chryselephantine cult statue by the sixth-century sculptor Kanachos was one of the principal monuments of the city (Pausanias, Description of Greece II.10.4). -- Rebecca H. Luhmann Levine, LU '93 Bibliography: B. V. Head, Historia Numorum : A Manual of Greek Numismatics (1911, Chicago reprint 1967) 409-412; A Catalogue of the Coins in the British Museum: Peloponnesus (Bologna 1963) 46, no. 118; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 98-99. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.072 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Lockett collection. Purchased from Edward Gans, September 25, 1959 Title A name given to the resource Silver Hemidrachm of Sikyon, 2.87 g.