10 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e0349e9600c93716a78af72107422c81.jpg 5dbba71100ac8202fe0ab2fdb639acab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leontius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 695-698 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Leontius, wearing loros and crown and holding akakia in right hand and globus cruciger in left; D(OMINVS) LEON(TIVS) PE(RPETVVS) AV(GVSTVS): Lord Leontius, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Cross potent on steps; VICTORIA AVGV(STI) Y: Victory of the Augustus, officina mark Y; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Leontius usurped the throne from Justinian II in 695 CE. He was unable to put down Arab attacks on Carthage in northern Africa, however, and he was deposed three years later. Although his reign introduced a long period of instability, in which five emperors rose and fell in twenty years, his coins are masterpieces of detail in the imperial dress. On the obverse a robust, bearded Leontius wears the loros, an elaborately jeweled and embroidered scarf wrapped around the body somewhat like a toga, thrown first over the left shoulder, then pulled under the left arm, brought across the front of the body, thrown over the right shoulder and pulled across the back to the left hip, pulled across the front of the body again, and then draped over the right arm (see 91.287). In his right hand he holds an akakia, a symbol first adopted by Leontius and used in many imperial portraits afterwards. It was a short cylinder with jeweled ends containing dust, intended to remind the emperor that even he was mortal. On the reverse, Leontius reverts to the cross potent on steps that was introduced by the coins of Tiberius Constantine as a reference to the cross on the hill of Calvary (see 91.272). -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.278 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, March 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Leontius, loros, crown, akakia, globus cruciger, cross, steps Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Leontius, 4.45 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/056bcbbfe99ff0d58a10eb4be5a56578.jpg 7c54f1bf11751acf677d2057235db831 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Justinian II, Tiberius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 705-711 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Christ with curly hair, cross behind head, right hand raised in blessing, left holding Gospel book; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) IhS(VS) Ch(RISTV)S REX REGNANTIVM: Our Lord Jesus Christ, Ruler of those who rule. Reverse: Facing half-figures of Justinian on left and Tiberius on right, each wearing crown and chlamys, holding between them cross potent on base; D(OMINI) N(OSTRI) IVST[INIANVS ET TIBERIVS] P(ER)P(ETVI) A(VGVSTI): Our lords Justinian and Tiberius, perpetual Augusti. Style/Period: Byzantine Justinian II, who first came to power in 685 CE, was mutilated and ousted by Leontius in 695 CE (see 91278), but after ten years in exile "the emperor without a nose," so nicknamed as a result of his mutilation, returned to the throne for a second reign. In his first reign Justinian, a devout Christian, had taken the important step of depicting Christ on a coin for the first time and establishing the convention in which the image of Christ on the obverse displaced the portrait of the emperor to the reverse of the coin. In addition, the legend on the obverse proclaims that the emperor is subject to Christ the King. The image of Christ was not used by the emperors immediately following Justinian, but it was later revived, and its position on the obverse determined the relationship between Christ and the emperor on all later Byzantine coins. In his second reign Justinian retained the image of Christ on the obverse, but the type has changed from the stern, long-haired, fully bearded figure of the Pantokrator common in Byzantine icons and mosaics to a youthful, curly-haired Christ with a short beard, a type thought to be derived from Syrian depictions of Christ. For most of his second reign, Justinian ruled in association with his young son, Tiberius, who is pictured with him on the reverse, his youth and junior status indicated by his scale and position on the right. Together they hold the cross potent on a stepped base, which formerly had been the standard reverse type. Justinian was ruthless in exacting revenge upon his many enemies, and in the end both he and his young son were murdered. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.280 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Christ, Gospel, Justinian II, Tiberius, chlamys, cross, cross potent Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Justinian II and Tiberius, 4.27 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/62859aa9fc2787f88841c5bc6e7a362d.jpg 7d3aaacbdf76332f4880d4c739af551a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Philippicus (Bardanes) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 711-713 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing crowned bust of Philippicus, wearing loros and holding globus cruciger in right hand and scipio in left; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) FILEPICVS MV[LTOS ANNOS]: Our lord Philippicus, many years. Reverse: Cross potent on four steps; VICTORIA AVGV(STI) Θ: Victory of the Augustus, officina mark Θ; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine In the course of the revolts that brought down Justinian II, an Armenian named Bardanes was proclaimed emperor; he changed his name to Philippicus. Philippicus subscribed to heretical views and made himself an enemy of the Pope by removing an image of a council of the Church that had condemned these views some years earlier. In the destruction of this religious image he foreshadowed the greater iconoclastic controversies to come, which were ignited by opposition to the cult of icons, or images of religious figures, and the superstitious practices they could encourage. These beliefs probably also led Philippicus to reject the bust of Christ that Justinian II had introduced to Byzantine coinage and to revert to the portrait of the emperor on the obverse of his coins and the cross on the steps on the reverse. The portrait of Philippicus introduces a somewhat longer hairstyle for the emperor, but is otherwise as stylized as those of his predecessors. This is the last time that the scipio, the eagle-tipped consular scepter that he holds in his left hand, appeared on Byzantine coins. The acclamation multos annos, "may he rule for many years," was used at imperial processions and ceremonies and replaced perpetuus augustus on the coins of this period. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908) 6; P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.281 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, Feb. 9, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Philippicus, loros, globus cruvieger, scipio, cross, cross potent, steps, Bardanes Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Philippicus (Bardanes), 4.33 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/83c3622475b187222fd912eb243f4f61.jpg 3db90d00c0a50c7ceda516cf37494bc6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constantine V, Leo IV Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 751-775 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing busts of Constantine V on left and Leo IV on right, each wearing chlamys and crown with cross; pellet between heads, cross above; CONSTANTINOS S LEON O NEOS: Constantine and Leo junior. Reverse: Facing bust of Leo III, wearing loros and crown with cross and holding cross potent on base in right hand; D(OMINVS) LEON P(ERPETVVS) A(VGVSTVS) MVL(TOS ANNOS): Lord Leo, perpetual Augustus, many years. Style/Period: Byzantine The coinage of Constantine V and his immediate successors was characterized by types proclaiming the continuity of their dynasty, the Isaurian, which lasted until the end of the century. Constantine had been co-emperor with his father Leo III until he was made sole emperor upon Leo's death in 741 CE. Ten years later he made his own son, Leo IV, co-emperor. In Constantine's late coinage the entire family is depicted, with the co-emperors on the obverse and the founder of their dynasty on the reverse. The heads are almost identical, with the exception of Leo IV's clean-shaven face, and the conventions of rank obscure even their most well-known features; over the objections of the Church, Constantine wore no beard, but he is depicted with a beard on the coin to indicate his seniority. Constantine's father, Leo III, had forbidden the veneration of icons, which had become widespread in the East, and this began an internal struggle between the iconoclasts, or destroyers of icons, and the iconodules, or worshipers of icons, which lasted for over a century. The controversy reached its height in the reign of Constantine V with the violent destruction of religious images and the persecution of those who favored them. Secular images replaced religious images, and the cross on the steps was replaced by imperial portraits. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.282 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, Feb. 9, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Constantine V, Leo IV, chlamys, crown, pellet, cross, Leo III, loros, cross potent Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Constantine V and Leo IV, 4.47 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/526601caef4477e4cff11874a25f5938.jpg 4521acfd6337279c457761a417177463 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Irene Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 797-802 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Irene, wearing loros and crown with cross and holding cross scepter in left hand and globus cruciger in right; EIRINH bASILISSH: Queen Eirene. Reverse: Facing bust of Irene, wearing loros and crown with cross and holding cross scepter in left hand and globus cruciger in right; EIRINH bASILISSH: Queen Eirene. Style/Period: Byzantine When Leo IV died in 780 CE, his son, Constantine VI, was made emperor, but since he was only ten years old the empress Irene was made co-emperor. As Constantine grew older, more independent, and reckless, he and his mother struggled for power, and Irene finally had him blinded and deposed. She then became the first Byzantine empress to rule in her own right. She was deposed by Nicephorus I and sent into exile. Irene was diplomatically and fiscally inept, but she made her mark by rejecting iconoclasm, the official condemnation of the cult of icons, for which she was eventually made a saint of the Orthodox Church. Her reform was short-lived, however, for iconoclasm was reinstated after her deposition. Although in her brief reign religious images were once again permitted, she did not attempt to put them on her coins. Since she could not claim dynastic connections to the emperor she had deposed, she put her own portrait on both the obverse and reverse of her coins. She wears the full imperial dress, including the loros and the characteristic crown of empresses, which has pyramidal spikes and very long prependulia or ornamental chains. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.283 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Numismatic Fine Arts, 3/1/1979. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Irene, loros, crown, cross, cross scepter, globus cruciger Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Irene, 4.37 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b78c911be058c27a8b88916c8293156e.tif 06794163daaa8fc1e767aa58d9098836 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Basil I, Constantine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 867-879 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Christ with cross-nimbus behind head, seated on lyre-backed throne, right hand raised in blessing, left holding book; IhS(VS) XP(ISTO)S REX REGNANTIVM: Jesus Christ, King of those who rule. Reverse: Facing busts of Basil on left, wearing loros and crown with cross, and Constantine on right, wearing chlamys and crown with cross, both holding patriarchal cross between them; BASILIOS ET CONSTANT(INVS) AVGG (AVGVSTI abbreviated) b(ASILEIS): Basil and Constantine, Augusti, kings. Style/Period: Byzantine Basil I, a peasant fortune hunter from Macedonia who rose from the position of groom in the imperial stables to co-emperor under the patronage of Michael III, murdered his mentor in 867 CE and founded the Macedonian dynasty. Basil was an effective ruler; his armies were successful against the Arabs, his diplomacy kept the Bulgars at bay, and late in his lifetime he began a revision of the great legal text, the Codex Justinianus. Iconoclasm, the official condemnation of the veneration of icons, was reversed in 843 CE and soon afterward Michael III re-introduced the bust of Christ on his coins. Basil also introduced a new type, Christ enthroned, one of the few images on Byzantine coins that can probably be traced to a work of art in another medium, the mosaic over the imperial doorway of the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. The type endured for nearly a century, and from this point onward Christ, the Virgin, or a saint would become standard types for the obverses of Byzantine coins. In order to secure his dynasty, Basil made his sons co-emperors. The reverse depicts Basil and his eldest and favorite son, Constantine, according to the usual conventions of imperial portraits, with Basil identified as the senior ruler by his scale, position on the left, and the more ornate garment, the loros. Constantine died prematurely in 879 CE and Basil fell into a deep depression and died in a hunting accident in 886 CE. -- Eric N. Jurgens, LU '93 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908) 436.2; P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.286 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Edward Gans, February 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byantine, Christ, cross-nimbus, thrown, book, Basil, loros, crown, cross, Consantine, chlamys, Basil I Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Basil I and Constantine, 4.34 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/d0487102e78829361304f1fa150d0b00.jpg e9427134e9a0532df834cd03822458ae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leo VI, Constantine VII Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 908-912 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Christ with cross-nimbus behind head, seated on lyre-backed throne, right hand raised in blessing, left holding book; IhS(VS) XP(ISTO)S REX REGNANTIVM: Jesus Christ, King of those who rule. Reverse: Standing facing figures of Leo VI on left and Constantine VII on right, each wearing loros and crown with cross and holding globus cruciger in outer hand and patriarchal cross between them; LEON ET CONSTANT(INVS) AVGG (AVGVSTI abbreviated) ROM(AION): Leo and Constantine, Augusti of the Romans. Style/Period: Byzantine Leo VI (the Wise) came to the throne in 886 CE, after his father, Basil I, died in a hunting accident (see 91.286). Leo was called "the Wise" not because he was a particularly sage ruler but because he was a noted scholar who finished the revision of the legal text, the Codex Justinianus, that Basil had begun, renaming it the Basilica for his father. For reasons not yet clearly understood, Leo VI apparently did not mint solidi for the first twenty years of his reign. The solidi from his last years continue with an improved version of the Christ enthroned introduced by his father (see 91.286) on the obverse and with standing portraits of Leo and his son Constantine VII, co-emperor after 908 CE, on the reverse. The portraits are interesting for their depiction of the complex wrapping of the loros. The figures continue the convention of showing the senior emperor in larger scale on the left, but Constantine is depicted as nearly grown, while he was in fact a small child. -- Eric N. Jurgens, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.287 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Edward Gans, February 9, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Christ, cross-nimbus, thrown, book, Leo VI, Consantine VII, loros, crown, cross, globus cruciger, Leo VI, Constantine VII Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Leo VI and Constantine VII, 4.37 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/447dbe80f7998f33147e95675128e702.jpg 9c15e3abe47d4f11e696190ee34c2c77 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constantine VII, Romanus II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 945-959 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Christ with cross-nimbus, right hand raised in blessing, left holding book: IhS(VS) XP(ISTO)S REX REGNANTIVM: Jesus Christ, King of those who rule. Reverse: Facing busts of Constantine on left, wearing loros and crown with cross, and Romanus on right, wearing chlamys and crown with cross, both holding patriarchal cross between them; CONSTANT(INVS) CE ROMAN(VS) AVGG (AVGVSTI abbreviated) B(ASILEIS) R(OMAION): Constantine and Romanus, Augusti, kings of the Romans. Style/Period: Byzantine Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus spent more than thirty years on the throne before he was able to take power from his regents in 945 CE; shortly afterward he made his son, Romanus II, co-emperor. Like his father, Leo VI, Constantine was a scholar, and he is best known not for his political or military exploits but for his encyclopedic scholarship and patronage of intellectual pursuits. This coin revives the bust of Christ Pantokrator, or Christ as the ruler of the universe, which had been introduced on some coins of Justinian II and which would be the main type on Byzantine coins for the next one hundred years. Constantine and Romanus appear in the conventional imperial portrait on the reverse, with Constantine designated senior emperor by his position on the left, by his more elaborate dress, and by his slightly larger scale. -- Eric N. Jurgens, LU '93 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908) 465.60; P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.288 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Edward Gans, Feb., 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Christ, cross-nimbus, book, Consatine, loros, crown, cross, Romanus, chlamys, Constantine VII, Romanus II Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Constantine VII and Romanus II, 4.37 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/534058c5de5fa69a0ef589130590d946.jpg ef8afbe963a34a78979671d32966d56c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicephorus II Phocas, Basil II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 963-969 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Christ with cross-nimbus, right hand raised in blessing, left holding book; IhS(VS) XP(ISTO)S REX REGNANTIVM: Jesus Christ, King of those who rule. Reverse: Facing busts of Nicephorus on left, wearing loros and crown with cross, and Basil II on right, wearing chlamys and crown with cross, both holding patriarchal cross between them; NICHFOP(VS) CE BASIL AVGG (AVGVSTI abbreviated) B(ASILEIS) R(OMAION): Nicephorus and Basil, Augusti, kings of the Romans. Style/Period: Byzantine At the premature death of Romanus II, his mother, Theophano, married the famous general Nicephorus II Phocas in order to ward off threats to her remaining two young sons. He is depicted here with the elder of the two, Basil II, who would eventually become one of the greatest Byzantine emperors. Nicephorus is shown to be the senior emperor by his position on the left, his more elaborate dress, and his slightly larger scale. On the obverse is a depiction of Christ Pantokrator done in a naturalistic style that contrasts greatly with the stylized imperial portraits of the reverse. During the reign of Nicephorus the gold coinage was divided into two types. The first retained the weight and appearance of the solidus; it would now be called the "histamenon" or "standard," of which this coin is an example. The second was a debased coin called the "tetarteron" or "quarter" owing to its lighter weight (see 91.290). The debasement was probably necessary to finance Nicephorus' ambitious military campaigns. This coin also demonstrates a gradual change from Latin to Greek in the inscriptions of Byzantine coins, with a sometimes confusing mixture of the two languages on a single coin; here even the spelling of Nicephorus' name uses both Latin and Greek letters. -- Eric N. Jurgens, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.289 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, October 18, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Christ, cross-nimbus, book, Nicephorus, loros, crown, cross, Basil II, chlamys, Nicephorus II Phocas Title A name given to the resource Gold Histamenon of Nicephorus II Phocas and Basil II, 4.35 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/14482a2206aa3c96a50eea1b26227a2e.jpg bc1c666bcbf3a0dcde165bf1e6681ec0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John I Tzimisces Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 969-976 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Christ with cross-nimbus, with right hand raised in blessing, left hand holding book; IhS(VS) X(P)I(STO)S REX REGNANTIVM: Jesus Christ, King of those who rule. Reverse: Facing busts of John on on left, wearing loros and crown with cross and holding patriarchal cross in left hand, and haloed Virgin on right, crowning John with right hand; Manus Dei above John's head, ΜΘ above head of Virgin; ΘΕΟΤΟC(Ε) ΡΟΗΘ(ΕΙ) ΙΩ(ΑΒΒHI) ΔΕΣ(ΠΟΤΗΙ): Mother of God, help the emperor John. Style/Period: Byzantine The brilliant general John Tzimisces gained the throne by murdering his predecessor, Nicephorus, with the help of Nicephorus' wife, who had become John's mistress and whom he was forced by the Church to send into exile as penance before he could be crowned. He was, however, a great emperor who in his short reign of only six years brought Bulgaria under Byzantine control, made peace with the western empire, and enlarged upon earlier Byzantine conquests in the Near East. The obverse of John's coins depicts the Christ Pantokrator of his predecessors' coins (see 91.288, 91.289), but the reverse introduces a new type. Nicephorus had first depicted himself with the Virgin on his reverses, but on John's coins she actively crowns the emperor. According to the conventions of Byzantine coinage, the Virgin should occupy the most important position on the left, as she does on Nicephorus' coins, but since she must crown the emperor with her right hand, on John's coins she has been moved to the right. Above John's head is the Manus Dei, the hand of God, which indicates that John's imperial authority is derived from God. This coin is a "tetarteron" or "quarter," a coin of lower weight than the solidus, which was introduced during the reign of Nicephorus (see 91.289). -- Eric N. Jurgens, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.290 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Christ, cross-nimbus, book, John, loros, crown, cross, Virgin, Mary, John I Tzimisces Title A name given to the resource Gold Tetarteron of John I Tzimisces, 4.06 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/56193f97f8e8c90ca897752ea7cf1c3f.jpg 95bfb1b2a616b3aaed9dafa43b5219ef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caracalla Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 209 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate and cuirassed bust of Caracalla; M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. Reverse: Caracalla and Geta standing and sacrificing over an altar; veiled figure stands, facing, behind altar; PONTIF TR P XII COS III; in exergue, S C. Style/Period: Roman Empire Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.202 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, March 11, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Caracalla, Geta, sacrifice, altar Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Caracalla, 22.85 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b7f037c952131710de7ea501456b29fb.jpg 0b3c2a4b83c4d2885dd9924d0616b105 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thurium, Lucania, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 425-400 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Athena adorned with helmet bound in olive wreath. Reverse: Rushing bull; fish in exergue. Style/Period: Greek (ancient) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.012 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Bank Leu, June 15, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Greek, goddess, Athena, helmet, wreath, bull, fish, Thurium, Lucania, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Stater of Thurium, Lucania, Italy, 8.02 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3720f561281460825dbf823a7a6d376e.jpg ee8e0dca2fa8cb174425edd8e3ceaee6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Naxos (Naxus), Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 420-403 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Apollo to right; to left, laurel leaf with berry. ΝΑΞΙΩΝ: of the Naxians. Reverse: Nude Silenos seated, holding kantharos in right hand and thyrsos in left; to left, sprig of ivy with berries; to right, herm. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) Naxos, the oldest of the Greek colonies in Sicily (Thucydides, History, 6.3.1), was founded by Chalkidians from Euboea in 734 BCE. The Sicilian colony took its name from the Cycladic island of Naxos, whose inhabitants had helped in colonizing the city. In 476 BCE, the tyrant Hieron of Syracuse removed the inhabitants of Naxos to Leontinoi. The Naxians returned home in 461, after the tyrant’s death, and in the second half of the century produced a series of beautiful coins. A head of Apollo, the chief god of the Chalkidians, is depicted in profile on the obverse of the coin. He wears a wreath of laurel, his attribute, and a laurel leaf with a berry is shown to the left of the head. Apollo is not commonly shown on the coins of Naxos, although he is frequently depicted on the coins of Leontinoi (see coins 91.025, 91.026), which was colonized by Naxos in 729 BCE and for whom Apollo became the patron deity. Coins from Naxos instead often have its patron deity Dionysos on the obverse (see coin 93.004) and, as here, one of his wine-drinking companions, Silenos, on the reverse. Silenos squats and drinks from a kantharos in his right hand and holds a thyrsos – symbol of Dionysos – in his left hand. To the left is a sprig of ivy, another attribute of Dionysos, and on the right a herm (an apotropaic statue of a head on top of a square pillar with male genitals), possibly representing Dionysos himself, who was often represented as a herm. Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum II: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 120, no. 22; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 217-218, 225. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.076 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Apollo, laurel leag, berry, Silenos, kantharos, vine, fruit, thyrsos, herm, Naxos, Naxus, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Drachm of Naxos , 8.3 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e4e68466cb5d565cb0b748b6d60276ae.jpg db0cc32b84efa05126746e01dc3479cc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Katane, Sicily Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 415-404 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing head of Apollo with laurel wreath; strung bow to the left; kithara to right, hidden behind head; beneath neck, ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝ: Apollo. Reverse: Quadriga with male charioteer racing to right past Ionic column, charioteer holding reins in both hands and goad in right; Nike flying to left above and holding wreath; crayfish to right in exergue. ΚΑΤΑΝΑΙΩΝ: of the Katanians. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) The city of Katane was colonized in the eighth century BCE by the people of Sicilian Naxos, itself a colony of Chalkis. Katane adopted Apollo, the patron deity of Chalkis, as its own patron deity. The tyrant Hieron of Syracuse moved the inhabitants of Katane and Naxos to the city of Leontinoi in 476 BCE. The people of Katane returned to their city in 461, following the tyrant’s death. The facing head of Apollo is shown on the obverse, the depiction clearly influenced by the famous facing heads on Syracusan coins of the time (see coins 93.007 and 93.005). The die for the obverse may have been signed by the engraver Choirion (ΧΟΙΡΙΟΝ) on the upper left side (Rizzo, fig. 24), but the coin was struck off-center, cutting off the inscription. Apollo’s head is crowned with laurel and flanked by his other attributes, behind and to the right of the head a kithara and behind and to the left, a strung bow. On the reverse, a quadriga races past a column while Nike crowns the charioteer. The choice of scene once again reveals the influence of Syracusan imagery, as racing quadrigas are commonly depicted on the obverses and reverses of Syracusan coins (see coins 91.029, 91.032, 91.033, 93.005, 93.007). The crayfish in the exergue is probably a local species. -- Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: G.E. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia (Rome 1946) 111-112, fig. 24, pl. 14, no. 13; A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum II: Sicily (Bologna 1963) 47, no. 34; C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1976) 224-225. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.077 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, Apollo, bow, lyre, quadriga, horse, charioteer, Ionic column, Nike, charioteer,cray-fish, Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Katane (Catana), 16.94 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/213b8dcf21c254c81dc3324678efd79f.jpg 3df9d6e9d3aa2b7f3c29a75263fa29fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on ArtStor Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 425-415 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Quadriga racing to left, its male charioteer crowned by Nike flying overhead. In exergue, signature of the die engraver, ΕΥΜΗΝΟΥ: Eumenes. Reverse: Head of Arethusa to left, surrounded by four dolphins; to right of head, ΕΥΜΗΝΟΥ. Style/Period: Greek (Classical) The obverse depicts a racing quadriga, a chariot pulled by four horses. Victorious quadrigas are commonly depicted on the coins of Syracuse because the Gamoroi, the Syracusan aristocracy, had a great interest in racing this type of chariot in the Olympic games. The image of the quadriga was adopted by many other cities in Sicily. In this period, die engravers for Syracuse frequently signed their dies. The dies for both the obverse and reverse of this coin were signed by Eumenes. The nymph Arethusa is depicted in profile on the reverse of the coin. In mythology, Arethusa, a worshiper of the goddess Artemis, was pursued by the river god Alpheios. Arethusa escaped into the sea with the aid of Artemis and reemerged on the Syracusan island of Ortygia, where she was transformed into a fresh water spring that still flows next to the sea. Arethusa often appears on coins from Syracuse, encircled by dolphins that symbolize the sea surrounding Ortygia (see also coins 91.029, 91.032, 91.033, 93.007). Max Lavery, LU '17 Bibliography: F. B. Tarbell, “Eumenes or Eumenos?,” Classical Philology 8 (1913) 230-231; G. E. Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia (Rome 1946), 201, no. 12, pl. 42; K. Jenkins, Ancient Greek Coins (New York 1972) 159-160; K. Jenkins, Coins of Greek Sicily (London 1976) 33-34. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.078 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Subject The topic of the resource Greek, quadriga, horse, charioteer, Nike, Arethusa, dolphins, Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Syracuse, 43.16 g.