10 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/591bd1b5dc4b26bf54b37df4a119813f.jpg f9ab3ee65fe7e02071ace5f3084d9568 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Septimius Severus, Caracalla Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 204 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Jugate busts of Septimius Severus and Antoninus facing right, both laureate, draped, and cuirassed; IMPP (IMPERATORES abbreviated) INVICTI PII AVGG (AVGVSTI abbreviated): invincible imperators, pious Augusti. Reverse: Victoria advancing to left, with wreath in right hand and palm in left; VICTORIA PARTHICA MAXIMA: Greatest Parthian victory. Style/Period: Roman Empire In the period of the civil wars following the murder of Pertinax, Septimius Severus had to contend with several rivals for the throne. One was Pescennius Niger, who had been proclaimed emperor by his troops in Syria. Once he had dealt with Niger, Severus moved against his allies in the region, including one of the empire's oldest and most intractable enemies, the Parthians. In this campaign Severus defeated them and annexed Mesopotamia. When the Parthians attempted to recover it in 197 CE, Severus marched deep into their territory and in 198 CE captured the Parthian capital, Ctesiphon. For this victory Severus was awarded the title Parthicus maximus, greatest conqueror of the Parthians, and the victory was celebrated for some years after the actual event. The reverse of this coin hails the victory and appropriately depicts Victoria, the personification of victory, with her usual attributes, the wreath and palm. The jugate busts of Severus and Antoninus (Caracalla) are indicative of their joint rule. This coin is unusual in its omission of their names from the obverse legend. -- Robin Emmanuel Bandy McNeill, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.1: Pertinax to Geta (London 1936) 311; P.V. Hill, The Coinage of Septimius Severus and his Family of the Mint of Rome AD 193-217 (London 1964) 30. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.199 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Ryan collection; Patrick Doheny collection; Sotheby's, 1979. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Septimius Severus, Caracalla, cuirass, Victoria, wreath Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Septimius Severus and Caracalla, 7.14 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/be93707aa6714a78f8390169417b6178.jpg 387156c0755ebebfef002543bb1cec49 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Septimius Severus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 200-201 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Septimius Severus facing right; SEVERVS AVG(VSTVS) PART(HICVS) MAX(IMVS): Severus Augustus, greatest conqueror of the Parthians. Reverse: Confronted draped and cuirassed busts of Antoninus facing left, laureate, and Geta facing right; AETERNIT(ATI) IMPERI(I): to the eternity of the empire. Style/Period: Roman Empire Lucius Septimius Severus was born in Leptis Magna in North Africa and emerged as sole emperor in the chaotic period after the murder of the emperor Pertinax, when several rivals for the throne engaged in civil war from 193 to 197 CE. Early in his reign, Severus annexed Mesopotamia and celebrated important victories over the Parthians, for which he received the title Parthicus Maximus (see no. 91.199). His victory over his rivals and his position on the throne assured, Severus concentrated upon building a dynasty on the Antonine model. He had himself declared the adopted son of Marcus Aurelius in 196 CE, changing the name of his elder son, Bassianus, to Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (he would later become known as Caracalla). The coins of the period depict members of the imperial family and announce plans for the succession, which it is hoped will result in the aeternitas imperii, the eternity of the empire. Severus' portrait on his earliest coins depicts him either in the types of the other contenders to the throne, probably because his official portrait type had not yet been established, or as a military officer with a furrowed brow and short beard. The type that follows his adoption into the Antonine family, however, takes on a family resemblance to the Antonines, particularly similarity to portraits of Marcus Aurelius, with curly hair and a longer beard. On the reverse are the emperor's two sons; the elder, Antoninus, on the left had been elevated to the rank of Augustus in 198 CE and is therefore distinguished by his laurel wreath from his brother, Geta, whose rank was Caesar. Geta would not be elevated to Augustus until 209 CE, and his delayed promotion no doubt contributed to the bitter enmity between the two brothers that led Antoninus to murder Geta shortly after the death of Severus. -- Robin Emmanuel Bandy McNeill, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.1: Pertinax to Geta (London 1936) 155. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.194 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased at Bank Leu auction, June 5, 1986. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Septimius Severus, cuirass, Antoninus, Geta Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Septimius Severus, 7.40 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b332a16435bfa6b82bc6e0bf49504d94.jpg 3ba32d058d88c786d6c043e6af621b99 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Didius Julianus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 193 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Didius Julianus facing right; IMP(ERATOR) CAES(AR) M(ARCVS) DID(IVS) IVLIAN(VS) AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Caesar Marcus Didius Julianus Augustus. Reverse: Fortuna standing facing left, holding rudder on globe in right hand, cornucopia in left; P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) CO(N)S(VL): Pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, consul. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Didius Severus Julianus was born to a prominent family in Milan, was consul with Pertinax in 174 or 175 CE, and governed Africa and a number of military provinces. When the emperor Pertinax was murdered by the praetorian guard, the very wealthy Julianus and the urban prefect (and father-in-law of Pertinax), Flavius Sulpicianus, literally conducted a bidding war for the empire, offering donatives to secure the support of the praetorians. Julianus won, promising 25,000 sestertii per man. Meanwhile, Septimius Severus, who on the death of Pertinax had been acclaimed emperor by his troops, marched on Rome, where the Senate abandoned and condemned Julianus. Julianus ruled for 66 days. The coins of Julianus ironically emphasize military concord and imperial good fortune. His portraits, known only from his coins, resemble those of Pertinax in type, but they lack the strength and resolve of his predecessor's. The reverse of this aureus depicts the goddess Fortuna, who determined the fate of the emperor and the empire. She holds her usual attributes, a rudder on a globe, which refers to her guidance of the world, and a cornucopia, symbol of the prosperity she brings. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage IV.1: Pertinax to Geta (London 1936) 2. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.192 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Numismatic Fine Arts, 6-1-1989. Ex H.P. Hall collection; Jameson collection; Quelen collection. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Didius Julianus, Fortuna, rudder, globe, cornucopia Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Didius Julianus, 6.81 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/8454a397a5e1f6dec59d65b25a62d9d0.jpg ef03c41d2ae236631e532e783ec9ff30 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Commodus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 177-182 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped bust of Crispina facing right; CRISPINA AVGVSTA: Crispina Augusta. Reverse: Pudicitia standing facing left, veiled with right hand holding veil in front of face: PVDICITIA: Pudicitia. Style/Period: Roman Empire Bruttia Crispina was the daughter of a consul under Antoninus Pius. She married Commodus in 177 CE and was given the title Augusta. To judge from her coin portraits she was beautiful. She was accused of adultery, exiled to Capri, and executed. Lucilla, the sister of Commodus, met the same fate when she was accused of plotting against him. Little else is known of Crispina's life. The reverses of her coins depict the usual goddesses and personifications appropriate to the empress and to the celebration of the imperial marriage. On this coin Pudicitia, the personification of chastity and modesty, is characterized by the veil she pulls across her face. The portrait on the obverse depicts a beautiful young woman wearing her hair braided around the face and backward into a bun. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 285. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.189 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, 1976. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Crispina, Pudicitia, Commodus Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Commodus, 7.08 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/61bd8b9a70bb58c987fe2519c75a273a.jpg 89c0dec78112131e76956bf8cc7a7cc8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Commodus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 187 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate and cuirassed bust of Commodus facing right; M(ARCVS) COMMODVS ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVG(VSTVS) BRIT(ANNICVS): Marcus Commodus Antoninus Pius, fortunate Augustus, restorer of Britain. Reverse: Tellus reclining facing left with starred globe on right and fruit basket at left; the Four Seasons march over the globe; in exergue, TELLVS STABIL(ITA): Mother Earth made steady; P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) XII IMP(ERATOR) VIII CO(N)S(VL) V P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the twelfth time, imperator for the eighth time, consul for the fifth time, father of the country. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius' son Commodus was born in 161 CE. He held the title Caesar from 166 CE until 177 CE, when he became co-emperor with Aurelius. Commodus acceded to the throne as sole emperor at Marcus Aurelius' death in 180 CE. Commodus' reign was largely peaceful, but trouble occurred with the violation of the Antonine Wall in Britain, and Commodus gained the title Britannicus upon the victory in Britain of 184 CE. The title felix, also from 184 CE, refers to the success in Britain and perhaps as well to military success in Sarmatia. Commodus was contemptuous of the Senate, increasingly autocratic, and in the end mad, associating himself with numerous divinities and especially with Hercules, engaging in gladiatorial games and renaming Rome Colonia Commodiana. He was assassinated in 192 CE. The obverse portrait belongs to the type of Commodus' later portraits; he is in his late twenties and has a full and detailed beard. The reverse depicts Tellus (Mother Earth); since she has been "stabilized," this image can be viewed as sending the perhaps much-needed message that foreign affairs are in the emperor's allegedly capable hands. Many medallions such as this were minted during the Roman imperial period. They differ in size and weight from ordinary coinage. Other than the fact that they are typically commemorative, their function remains somewhat obscure; it is clear, however, that they were not financial instruments in general circulation. A greater variety of mythological scenes is illustrated on medallions than on ordinary coinage, and the medallion seems to occupy a niche as a showcase for especially detailed artistic depiction and excellent craftsmanship. -- Malcolm Pettingell Hyman, LU '93 Bibliography: J.P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (London 1978) no. 359. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.188 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Bank Leu, 1983. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, cuirass, Commodus, Tellus, globe, fruit, basket Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Medallion of Commodus, 57.43 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/a432107946dcf5efbdcb0f1fb3ba30ed.jpg 59ae44d9612b33dff3339ff16d1a2b4c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lucius Verus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 165 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Lucius Verus facing right; L(VCIVS) VERVS AVG(VSTVS) ARM(ENIACVS) PARTH(ICVS) MAX(IMVS): Lucius Verus Augustus, restorer of Armenia, great conqueror of the Parthians. Reverse: Emperor on horseback facing right, thrusting spear at fallen enemy; TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) V IMP(ERATOR) III CO(N)S(VL) II: with tribunician power for the fifth time, imperator for the third time, consul for the second time. Style/Period: Roman Empire Lucius Verus was co-regent with Marcus Aurelius from 161 CE until 169 CE. He was in charge of military campaigns in the East during the years 163-166 CE. This coin celebrates the Armenian and Parthian victories during that period. For this military activity he, along with Marcus Aurelius, bears the titles Armeniacus and Parthicus (see 91.177). The obverse portrait is related to a sculpted portrait type of Verus. The type resembles that of his adoptive father, Antoninus, and brother, Marcus Aurelius, in its curly hair and beard, but Verus has a hooked nose, a considerably lower brow, and he lacks the upward gaze and inspired look of Aurelius. The reverse illustration of the emperor on horseback over a fallen enemy (here either Parthian or Armenian) is a common type. This is the numismatic equivalent of the imperatorial equestrian statue, of which the only extant example is the famous equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius (see 91.179). Today the statue lacks the trampled barbarian (the equivalent of the fallen warrior on this coin) that would originally have been under the horse's right front leg. -- Malcolm Pettingell Hyman, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 545. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.184 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, December 12, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Lucius Verus, horse, spear, enemy, battle Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Lucius Verus, 7.45 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/90b8e6d10a450732e599a842a14bf0b8.jpg 3f8b2fd8e2ca093ae2a1dcf1f3c7e35f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marcus Aurelius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 159 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped bust of Faustina the Younger facing right; FAVSTINA AVGVSTA: Faustina Augusta. Reverse: Faustina standing facing right, with infant in left arm; a small girl standing on either side reaches toward her; FECVNDITATI AVGVSTAE: for the fruitfulness of the Augusta. Style/Period: Roman Empire Faustina the Younger (see 91.182, 91.183), daughter of Antoninus Pius and Faustina the Elder, married her cousin, Marcus Aurelius, in 145 CE at the age of fifteen. She had thirteen children. After the birth of her first child in 146 CE she received the title Augusta and began to appear on coins. She travelled with Aurelius on his military campaigns, which earned her the title Mater Castrorum, Mother of the Camps, and it was on one of these trips to the East that she died in 176 CE. Aurelius deified her, erected an altar to her, gave her the title Pia or Pius, and at his request the village in Cappadocia where she died was renamed Faustinopolis. This coin celebrates Faustina as the mother of the imperial family, depicting her with three of her children, Faustina, Lucilla, and Fadilla in 159 CE. Only four of her children survived to adulthood, three girls and the future emperor Commodus (see 91.188). -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 679. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.181 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, December 12, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Faustina the Younger, infant, girl, Marcus Aurelius Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Marcus Aurelius, 7.19 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/97f2e1c16fe4eea25a9d1a6fa3eecd8f.jpg a7343820b707776cece69ea67e8aa953 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marcus Aurelius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 169 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate and cuirassed bust of Marcus Aurelius facing right; M(ARCVS) ANTONINVS AVG(VSTVS) ARM(ENIACVS) PARTH(ICVS) MAX(IMVS): Marcus Antoninus Augustus, restorer of Armenia, great conqueror of the Parthians. Reverse: Aequitas seated facing left with scales in right hand and cornucopia in left; TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) XXII IMP(ERATOR) V CO(N)S(VL) III: with tribunician power for the twenty-second time, imperator for the fifth time, consul for the third time. Style/Period: Roman Empire The title Parthicus maximus in the legend refers to the victory over the Parthians in 165 CE, Armeniacus (see 91.179) to the earlier victory in Armenia. Aurelius' co-regent, Lucius Verus (see 91.184), also held both these titles. The obverse portrait belongs to the same type as 91.179. The personification of Aequitas (Equity) on the reverse is a frequent and generic type on imperial coinage; her message seems merely to be that the emperor is creating responsible economic and financial policy. She is depicted with her usual attributes, the scales referring to fairness in commercial transactions and the cornucopia, a symbol of economic prosperity. -- Malcolm Pettingell Hyman, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 190. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.177 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from L.S. Werner, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, cuirass, Marcus Aurelius, Aequitas, cornucopia Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Marcus Aurelius, 7.33 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/ad720ec79c951039fb91554d49238f34.jpg 3e0b2504e3f196a34421f0bac365fa3f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marcus Aurelius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 163-164 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Marcus Aurelius facing right; M(ARCVS) AVREL(IVS) ANTONINVS AVG(VSTVS) ARMENIACVS P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS): Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, restorer of Armenia, pontifex maximus. Reverse: Mars standing facing right, with spear in right hand and shield in left; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) XVIII IMP(ERATOR) II CO(N)S(VL) III: with tribunician power for the eighteenth time, imperator for the second time, consul for the third time. Style/Period: Roman Empire Aurelius' first serious problem after his accession was the invasion of Armenia by the Parthians. In 162 CE Aurelius' co-regent, Lucius Verus, went to the East to deal with the problem, and his victory there in 164 CE re-established Roman control of the area. This coin (see also 91.179) refers to his initial victory, which was the occasion for Aurelius' second donative (a donativum or donative was the gift of money to soldiers, typically in celebration of a military victory; the civilian equivalent was called a congiarium-see 91.171). The reverse appropriately depicts Mars, the god of war. He is depicted with his usual attributes, wearing a cuirass and helmet and holding his spear and shield. -- Malcolm Pettingell Hyman, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 861. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.180 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Purchased from Edward Gans 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Marcus Aurelius, Mars, spear, shield, Marcus Aurelius Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Marcus Aurelius, 24.98 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/842858904571ec626889330f2c7e46a5.jpg 6ff56d7e73a4174cb7d46017f07d3d95 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marcus Aurelius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 164 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Cuirassed bust of Marcus Aurelius facing right; ANTONINVS AVG(VSTVS) ARMENIACVS: Antoninus Augustus, restorer of Armenia. Reverse: Victoria right facing shield inscribed VIC(TORIA) AVG(VSTI): Victory of the Augustus; P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) XVIII IMP(ERATOR) II CO(N)S(VL) III: Pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the eighteenth time, imperator for the second time, consul for the third time. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius became emperor upon Antoninus Pius' death on March 7, 161 CE and arranged for Lucius Verus to be co-regent with him; this was the first occurrence of full collegiality in the principate. Although today Marcus Aurelius is best known as the quintessential Stoic philosopher-ruler, the greater part of his effort was spent in military affairs. The title Armeniacus in the legend is connected with the recovery of Armenia from the Parthians in 163-164 CE, which the coin celebrates. The reverse is a type frequently used for a victory; here the shield states specifically that the emperor is responsible for the victory (Victoria Augusti). The portrait of Aurelius on the obverse belongs to the third of his portrait types, of which the most widely known instance is the equestrian statue that originally stood in front of the Lateran Palace (and that Michelangelo placed in the center of the Campidoglio). A mature look and long beard with divided parallel locks characterize portraits belonging to this type; one cannot escape noticing on these coins the additional emphasis on Aurelius' already prominent nose. Portraits of Aurelius tend to be works with considerable psychological depth. -- Malcolm Pettingell Hyman, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 88; C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990) 136, no. 21. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.179 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, 1970. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Marcus Aurelius, Victoria, shield Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Marcus Aurelius, 7.13 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/aacb273adf876a61d3d64ff7738641ee.jpg d47bdd7254d4ae774cc95174cf451bdf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Antoninus Pius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 146-161 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped bust of Faustina the Younger facing right; FAVSTINA AVG(VSTA) PII AVG(VSTI) FIL(IA): Faustina Augusta, daughter of Pius Augustus. Reverse: Venus standing facing left, holding apple in right hand and scepter in left; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; VENVS: Venus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Female members of the imperial family were often associated with major goddesses of the Roman Pantheon such as Juno, Ceres, and Venus. Venus in particular was identified with empresses. On this sestertius of Antoninus Pius in honor of his daughter Faustina the Younger, Venus holds an apple, the prize she was awarded when judged the most beautiful goddess in the Judgment of Paris. After Faustina's death and consecration, her husband, Marcus Aurelius, erected an altar to her before the temple of Venus. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 1387. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.183 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Munzen and Medaillen, 6/19/1972. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Faustina the Younger, Venus, apple, scepter, Antoninus Pius Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Antoninus Pius, 27.16 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f50b4919b16d88704b0343fc296053e7.jpg c2180154af015f8007112210ea8acec6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Antoninus Pius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 146-161 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped bust of Faustina the Younger facing left; FAVSTINA AVG(VSTA) PII AVG(VSTI) FIL(IA): Faustina Augusta, daughter of Pius Augustus. Reverse: Dove facing right; CONCORDIA: Concordia. Style/Period: Roman Empire Faustina the Younger, daughter of Antoninus Pius and Faustina the Elder and wife of Marcus Aurelius, was a refined and elegant woman doted upon by her father and her husband. Both men honored her on their coins. It is assumed that the coins whose legends identify her as the daughter of Antoninus were issued by him and that those that do not use his name were issued by Marcus Aurelius. Many marble portraits of Faustina survive, and the portrait on the obverse of this coin issued by Antoninus has the elaborate hairstyle of her youthful portraits, parted in the center, waved around the face, and braided into a bun at the back. Concordia, the concept of peace and harmony, is represented by a dove on the reverse. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 503. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.182 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought at Münzen und Medaillen auction, January 30, 1984. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Faustina the Younger, dove, Antoninus Pius Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Antoninus Pius, 7.30 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/536028156b5905f9b3e8474954495a28.jpg 33d68fa7e6ec60ac7efd11ddfc497a2c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Antoninus Pius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource after 141 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and diademed bust of Faustina the Elder facing right; DIVA AVG(VSTA) FAVSTINA: Divine Faustina Augusta. Reverse: Antoninus seated facing left on platform with woman beside him on his right; both lean forward to receive girl held forward by man standing facing right; in front of platform, a man rushes forward, extending another girl; PVELLAE FAVSTINIANAE: the girls of Faustina. Style/Period: Roman Empire The most interesting feature of this coin is its reverse, which refers to the Puellae Faustinianae or the Girls of Faustina, the charity that Antoninus Pius established in memory of his wife, Faustina the Elder, after her death in 141 CE. The charity was to provide for the poor girls of the city. The figures on the coin would be Antoninus and with him probably Faustina receiving the little girls who are to be the recipients of their charity. The portrait on the obverse depicts Faustina with her hair braided and piled on top of her head, as in no. 98, but her face on this coin appears thinner and more youthful. Here she also wears a diadem. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 399a. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.174 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Edward Gans, Aug. 7, 1959. Ex Morgan collection. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Antoninus Pius, Faustina the Elder, girl Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Antoninus Pius, 3.58 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e10a6106b468663ba8864f1a46dbdca6.jpg 2fabf934e8f3884e21391f5ba16125c4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Antoninus Pius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource after 141 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped bust of Faustina the Elder facing to the right; DIVA AVG(VSTA) FAVSTINA: Divine Faustina Augusta. Reverse: Fortuna standing to left, holding patera in right hand and rudder on globe in left; AETERNITAS: Aeternitas. Style/Period: Roman Empire Annia Galeria Faustina (the Elder) married Antoninus Pius about 110 CE. She bore him four children, two sons and two daughters, one of whom, Faustina the Younger, was destined to be the wife of her cousin and future emperor, Marcus Aurelius. Faustina the Elder received the title Augusta upon Antoninus' accession in 138 CE. She died in 141 CE. Antoninus, who was devoted to her, had her consecrated and honored her memory with an extensive series of coins, a temple, and a charity for poor orphan girls (see 91.174). In her portraits Faustina wears her hair in many small braids gathered together and piled on top of her head in a bun. Her fleshy, matronly face may reflect her appearance at the time of her death. Although the legend on the reverse is Aeternitas or eternity, the figure has the attributes of Fortuna, and on other coins the same legend is accompanied by different figures. The legend must then refer to the undying memory of the empress and the various figures to her virtues. The usual attribute of Fortuna is the rudder with which she guides the world, represented by a globe. -- Kathleen L. Metzger Newmyer, LU '94 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London 1930) 349a. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.173 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from L.S. Werner, March 11, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Faustina the Elder, Fortuna, patera, rudder, globe , Antoninus Pius Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Antoninus Pius, 7.25 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/dd9831473adb2cd39ba6d2107729bd77.jpg dfe330bba1a467ea70116f043829b443 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Antoninus Pius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 154-155 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and cuirassed bust of Marcus Aurelius facing right; AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) PII F(ILIVS): Aurelius Caesar Augustus, son of Pius. Reverse: Helmeted Virtus/Roma standing to left with Victoria in right hand and parazonium in left; TR(IBVNICIA) POT(ESTATE) VIIII CO(N)S(VL) II: with tribunician power for the ninth time, consul for the second time. Style/Period: Roman Empire Under Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius was clearly destined for the throne. He received the highest honors of the state, including the consulate for the first time in 140 CE and tribunician power on the birth of his first child in 146 CE. He had married the emperor's daughter Faustina the Younger in 145 CE. In his portraits Marcus Aurelius continues the general type of his adoptive father, Antoninus Pius, with the curly hair and beard reminiscent of Greek philosopher portraits. The type was retained by all members of the Antonine family. The military types on coins of this period may refer to the rebellion in Britain, but the personification of Virtus (compare 91.163), manly courage (especially in military affairs), is generally appropriate to a young man destined to become emperor. Perhaps Virtus (a female personification, because of the gender of the Latin word) is here to be identified also with Roma, who is depicted with similar dress and attributes. -- Malcolm Pettingell Hyman, LU '93 Bibliography: H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage III: Antoninus to Commodus (London 1930) 464 a. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.178 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, 1970. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, cuirass, Marcus Aurelius, helmet, Virtus, Roma, Victoria, parazonium Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Antoninus Pius, 7.35 g.