1 15 244 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/9cfa31d2d6c7ccfd611b5eb0410d27f1.jpg a4428ef57fcf5e8d0f80df19d2e74651 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Perseus, Macedon Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 171–168 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bearded and diademed head of Perseus facing right Reverse: In oak wreath, eagle on thunderbolt on right; monograms above eagle and in right field; below wreath, plough; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΕΡΣΕΩΣ: of King Perseus. Style/Period: Hellenistic Perseus, the last Macedonian king, succeeded his father, Philip V, in 179 BCE From the beginning he was careful in securing allies against his greatest threat, Eumenes II of Pergamon. He renewed a treaty with Rome, which treated him as an ally until Eumenes convinced Rome to declare war against Perseus in 171 BCE The conflict dragged on for three years, until the Roman commander, Aemilius Paullus, confronted Perseus at Pydna in Macedonia, where the Macedonian army was slaughtered. Perseus eventually surrendered to the Romans and died in captivity in Rome. Macedonia was divided into four powerless republics, and the kingdom of Alexander the Great ceased to exist. The portrait on the obverse is presumably realistic, since it includes distinctive features such as the sloping forehead, prominent nose, and short, wispy beard, and has few of the idealizing qualities common to Hellenistic coin portraits inspired by those of Alexander the Great. The eagle on the thunderbolt and the oak wreath of the reverse refer to Zeus, a patron deity of Macedonian royalty since Alexander. The relatively light weight of this tetradrachm suggests that it was issued while Perseus waged war with Rome, since at the end of his reign he apparently reduced the weight standard of the coins in order to meet the financial demands of paying his army. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: N. Davis and C.M. Kraay, The Hellenistic Kingdoms: Portrait Coins and History (London 1973) 228-229. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.061 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Fred V. Fowler collection; Stack's, 1969. Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Perseus, Macedon, 15.46 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3c72ceaefc9917c659ab7183b4751682.jpg fe71cb43afee26c252f29a5efe6d3879 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Diocletian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 284–293 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Diocletian; IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG. Reverse: Jupiter standing, holding thunderbolt in right hand and scepter in left; IOVI CONSERVAT AVG. Style/Period: Roman Empire The obverse of this coin depicts the emperor Diocletian, who was proclaimed emperor in 284 CE and ruled until 305 CE, when he abdicated the throne. He came to power at the end of a great political upheaval known as the crisis of the third century. In order to help manage the sprawling empire, he made his colleague Maximian co-Augustus. To project as much power as possible the two emperors deified themselves. Diocletian made Jupiter, king of the heavens, his patron god, and Maximian made Hercules, king of the earth, his patron. This helped justify their actions and showed the world their strength, as the two emperors claimed to be living incarnations of the gods. Thus the statue of Jupiter on the reverse reads “IOVI CONSERVATOR AVG,” and implies that Jupiter is conserving, or protecting, the emperor and the empire as a whole. Therefore, due to this deification, Diocletian is only carrying out the desire of the gods. The reverse has a portrait of Diocletian. He wears a laurel crown and is draped in imperial garb. His face is in a transitional style of Roman coinage. At this time the individualizing characteristics of emperors were disappearing in order to show unity. His head is small and circular, with a long neck in the tradition of the military emperors who came before him during the crisis. The lack of any individually identifying characteristics and heavily incised neck-line shows this coin’s place in a transition from the instability of the past to the more stable future that Diocletian hoped to build. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 400-401; C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 250-251; J.P.C Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 46-48; L. Breglia, Roman Imperial Coins: Art and Technique (New York 1968), 201- 202. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.235 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, July 24, 1959. Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Diocletian, 4.94 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/790505e7b7f96ba6fc7ee6b123365356.jpg d48280a8286794c13ebaddb587dc794b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maximian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 295–305 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Maximian; MAXIMIANVS AVG. Reverse: Prince galloping, spear downwards, above galley with four rowers; VIRTVS ILLVRICI; TR in exergue. Style/Period: Roman Empire The obverse shows the Emperor Maximian, who ruled from 286 CE to 305 CE, during an era known as the Tetrarchy, when the empire was ruled by four men simultaneously in order to distribute the enormous burden of ruling the empire. To assert their power they frequently used art and portraiture such as the bust of Maximian featured on this coin. His head is blocky, with a staunch face and aloof expression, sporting a military-style beard, harkening back to his days in the army. Anyone who gazed upon the face would have seen a powerful, disciplined man. Additionally, there are almost no distinguishing characteristics of his face, as part of the Tetrarchy’s propaganda was that the four men were indistinguishable and ruled as one. The reverse depicts a victory of Maximian’s Tetrarchy over the rebel Carausius, who had taken Britain and northern France from the empire a decade prior. Maximian managed to take the mainland parts of Carausius’ kingdom back and invaded the island of Britain in 289 CE but failed to take it. In 296 CE a junior Tetrarch named Constantius launched an invasion, finally bringing Britain back into the fold. The ship with rowers signifies the role the navy had in invading Britain. The man on horseback with a spear shows the bravery of Constantius in leading his men during the fighting outside of modern-day London. The inscription “VIRTVS ILLYRICI” means “Army of Illyricum,” thus praising Constantius and the Tetrarchy as a whole, as most of the Tetrarchs, including Maximian, hailed from the province of Illyria. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 400-401; C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 250-251, 254-255; J. P. C. Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 324; S. Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery (New York 1992), 43-45, 64, 71. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.101 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Maximian, Trier, 26.90 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/36c826ee9ac23e494ba428635afeb7cf.jpg d7c39dd33b8bc468f819efda6491fed2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maximian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 293 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Maximian adorned with Hercules' lion skin; IMP C M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG. Reverse: Diocletian and Maximian, Augustus and Caesar, sit, facing, draped and cuirassed, each holding globes in their left hands; in the right field Hercules stands, holding club and lion skin and crowns Maximian; in the left field Jupiter stands and crowns Diocletian; PERPETVA CONCORDIA AVGG, PR in exergue. Style/Period: Roman Empire Maximian was proclaimed co-emperor in the year 286 CE by Diocletian in order to help manage a fracturing empire. The artistic style of this coin reflects how the two emperors attempted to restore dominance through art and religion. The reverse is an image of the two emperors being crowned by Hercules and Jupiter. In the year 287 CE the emperors deified themselves to cement their power and tell the public that the emperors were holding power through divine authority. Diocletian made Jupiter, the king of the heavens, his patron, and Maximian made Hercules, the king of the earth, his patron. The reverse of the medallion shows this idea explicitly. The central figures are Maximian on right and Diocletian on the left, both being crowned by their respective patron gods. The figure on the right holds a club and has a lion-skin cap, both characteristic of Hercules. On the left stands Jupiter, with his lightning bolt and a crown. The emperors are larger than the deities, indicating that they are more powerful than even the gods themselves. Additionally, both of them are carrying a globe, further symbolizing domination over the earth. Diocletian and Maximan wanted to show that the two emperors ruled as equals. The inscription reads “CONCORDIA” or total cooperation with one another. Their rule was more than just two men ruling simultaneously, but two men acting as a single power. Both emperors are of equal height and have no distinguishing characteristics. Not long after this coin’s production, Diocletian would go on to form the Tetrarchy, where the same ideals of unity, lack of individuality, and divine authority were shared by four men. The portrait on the obverse is of Maximian projecting his power in typical Tetrarchic fashion. The lion-skin cap furthers his association with Hercules, and his head is broad and blocky, with a very strong jaw, the face of a powerful man. The head is tilted slightly down, with big, deep-set eyes, almost as if looking down at the viewers from a throne, staring directly into them. Additionally, he has a military-style beard, showing that he has all the strength and discipline of a soldier. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 250, 254; H. Cohen, Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome (Chicago 1978), XX, XXXIX, XLV; J.P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 46; L. Breglia, Roman Imperial Coins: Art and Technique (New York 1968), 204; J.M.C Toynbee, Roman Medallions (New York 1944), 205, 209. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.100 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Title A name given to the resource Gold 5 Aurei Medallion of Maximian, 5.29 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/c9e3ba110c16ea3c54ef0fdd19975aa4.jpg 78adad245452c20b5af5a11a14e5ed27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constantinus I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 295–296 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Constantinus I; CONSTANTIVS N C. Reverse: Hercules wrestling a stag; VIRTVS AVGG; TR in exergue. Style/Period: Roman Empire This is a coin of Constantius Chlorus, known simply as Constantius I, who served as emperor from 293 CE to 306 CE, during a time known as the Tetrarchy. It was a period begun in 293 CE by Diocletian and his colleague Maximian, when four men ruled simultaneously in order to disperse the enormous burden of administering the empire. To assert their authority, the Tetrarchs used art and religion to propagate their message of unity and power. The obverse portrait of this coin shows how they used art to display unity by removing individualizing features of the emperors. The Tetrarchy’s philosophy was to have all four men rule as a single unified entity. If it were not for the inscription, there would be no way to identify the man in the portrait. The reverse has an image of Hercules wrestling a stag. This image was used to associate the Tetrarchs to a mythological past, solidifying their dominance. The senior pair of the Tetrarchs made Jupiter, king of the heavens, their patron, while the junior pair used Hercules, king of the earth, as their patron. The two senior Tetrarchs were called Augusti and the junior Tetrarchs were called Caesars. At the time of this coin’s production, Constantius was a Caesar with Hercules as his patron. And yet, by declaring “VIRTVS AVGG,” which means “courage of the Augusti,” he is deferring power to his superiors and reaffirming their divinity. Through its imagery this coin propagates the idea that the Tetrarchy is a stable, singular enterprise that is endorsed by the gods themselves. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 400-401; C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 263; H. Cohen, Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome (Chicago 1978), XIX, XXI; C.H.V. Sutherland and R.A.G. Carson, The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. VI (London 1967), 173. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.099 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Constantius I, Trier, 5.33 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/10178bc400ef9088b6bbfccbdf91cd87.jpg 9580e4b987afa4e725cf53b31952c91d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Diocletian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 287–290 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diocletian in profile view, with a laureate head. DIOCLETIANVS AVGVSTVS: Diocletian Augustus. Reverse: Equestrian Diocletian, with right hand raised; COS III.Consul for the third time. Style/Period: Roman Empire Diocletian was proclaimed emperor in 284 CE and ruled for over 20 years before abdicating in 305 CE. He came to power at the end of a great political upheaval in the Roman empire. In order to prevent the empire from slipping back into anarchy, he took measures to ensure that the empire would return to a strong central government. Among these was sharing control of the empire between four men, called the Tetrarchs, distributing the enormous burden of administration. He also transferred power into the Roman army, and the emperors were in direct control of the military, transforming the empire into a military dictatorship. This coin shows his reliance on that military infrastructure. The reverse has an image of Diocletian on horseback in a pose that is highly reminiscent of a general leading his troops. This would show the army that he is their leader, and the people that he is in direct command of the military. The COS III is a celebration that he was elected consul for the third time. At this point the Senate had virtually no power, and Diocletian’s role as a consul is indicative that the last vestiges of the Roman republic had been swept away. His portrait on the obverse shows how the Tetrarchy used art to project its power. Diocletian’s head is rectangular, and his eyes are large and deep-set. His chin is very pronounced, and he sports a military-style beard. Anyone who looked at the coin would see the face of a very powerful, disciplined man who is not to be crossed. Meanwhile, the beard further solidifies his connection with the military. In addition, to show the political unity of the Tetrarchy, there are almost no distinguishing characteristics between Diocletian and other Tetrarchs. If not for the inscription, there would be no way to tell that it is actually Diocletian. This was to show that the Tetrarchy was not four men ruling together, but four men acting as a single unified entity. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 400-401; C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 250-251; J.P.C Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 48; L. Breglia, Roman Imperial Coins: Art and Technique (New York 1968), 202. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.098 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan J. Berk, Chicago, IL Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Diocletian, Cyzicus, 5.29 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/ff16b8096193aa98747899d3dc9ebfcf.jpg b937aadfcf776da22096d18984c1f53a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Licinius I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 313 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Licinius in profile view. LICINIVS P(IVS) F(ELIX) AVG(VSTVS). Licinius pious and happy Augustus Reverse: Image of Victory setting a shield on a pillar. Inside the shield, VICTORIA AVG(VSTVS): Victorious Augustus. VOTIS V MVLTIS X: 5 years of rule and 10 years more. In exergue: SMAƐ, mint mark for Antioch Style/Period: Roman Empire Licinius was made an emperor in 308 CE and ruled until deposed by his co-emperor Constantine in 324 CE. He originally ruled during an era known as the Tetrarchy, where control of the empire was shared between four men. However, the Tetrarchy collapsed during the civil wars of the Tetrarchy, when Licinius and his co-emperor Constantine took control of the entire empire. Constantine eventually deposed Licinius some years later, but until that point the two split control of the empire, Licinius in the west, and Constantine in the east. The obverse shows a very distinct image of Licinius. His eyes are large and deep-set, and he has a very heavy, almost square jaw. Additionally, the face is looking down, as if looking down from the throne at onlookers. This is representative of late Roman portraiture, when the eyes of the emperors became bigger and the figures larger than life. Emperors were losing power and used art to assert dominance and prolong their illusion of control. The reverse of this coin is a representation of a vota, a celebration of the emperor’s reign, and a prayer for its continuance. This particular coin was minted in 313 CE as a commemoration of the 5th year of Licinius’ reign and the vota celebration that came with it. The “VICTORIA AVG” and statue of Victory represent Licinius’ triumph in the civil wars that propelled him to become emperor. --McKinley Breen, LU '21 Bibliography: D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 400, 406-407; C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 270-272; H. Cohen, Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome (Chicago 1978), XLV; J.P.C Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 55, 327-328; L. Breglia, Roman Historical Coins: Their Art and Technique (New York 1968), 210. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.241 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, September 9, 1960. Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Licinius, 5.17 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/62f4ed22ff0d53d1ab9a0c34fffabeab.jpg 0437deb353015d919869473bd27ee332 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constantine I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 306–337 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate and draped bust of Constantine I; CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG. Reverse: Victory advancing with trophy and palm branch; VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG; MTS in exergue. Style/Period: Roman Empire The obverse of this coin depicts Constantine the Great, who was emperor from 306 CE to 337 CE. He came to power at the end of what is known as the Tetrarchy, a period of time when the empire was ruled by four men simultaneously. He was the last man standing after the civil wars of the Tetrarchy and used that position to propel the Roman empire into the future. The Tetrarchy was often brutal and launched large persecutions against Christians. Additionally it had become embroiled in almost constant civil war, causing instability across the empire. Constantine managed to prevail and thrive by appealing to the growing Christian population and showed, usually through art, that the constant wars were finally over. In the Tetrarchy, in order to display authority, portraits were domineering, with harsh, deep-set eyes and military-style beards. However, the portrait of this coin’s obverse is very different. His eyes are soft and looking straight forward, as if to a higher ideal. He also removes the beard from his portraits, something that every emperor had worn for two hundred years. Thus he is distancing himself from the Tetrarchy and harkening back to a time when the emperors were considered better and the empire a more stable place. The reverse has an image of the personification of Victory, or VICTORIA. The trophy and palm branch are also symbolic of victory. Constantine used the symbol of Victoria extensively to continually remind the people of his triumph over the Tetrarchy. In fact he used it so much that it became permanently associated with him, and she was later transformed into an angel in Christian iconography, largely thanks to his toleration of Christianity and eventual conversion to the religion. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 271, 274-275; C.H.V. Sutherland and R.A.G. Carson, The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. VII (London 1984), 491, 522; H. Cohen, Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome (Chicago 1978), XL; L. Breglia, Roman Imperial Coins: Art and Technique. (New York 1968), 216-218; J.P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 48-52. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.239 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, March 13, 1959 Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Constantine I, 4.36 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/ad6bd2b8c45750345e76cb70ba0be1d4.jpg f0991b189b82b3518f66d369180e218d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Galerius (Galerius Maximianus) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 293–295 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Galerius; MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES. Reverse: Jupiter standing facing, chlamys spread behind torso, right hand holding thunderbolt, left hand leaning on scepter, eagle at feet to left; IOVI CONS CAES; mint mark in exergue. Style/Period: Roman Empire Galerius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Galerius, was an emperor of Rome from 293 CE and 305 CE, during an era known as the Tetrarchy. The Tetrarchy began when the emperor Diocletian and his colleague Maximian realized that the empire was too large for a single emperor. As such Diocletian decreed that it would be ruled simultaneously by four men in order to handle the massive administrative and military responsibilities. Diocletian and Maximian were the senior emperors, or Augusti, with Galerius and Constantius as junior emperors, or Caesars. The reverse of this coin shows how the Tetrarchy used religion to cement its authority. Galerius and Diocletian used Jupiter as their patron deity, while Maximian and Constantius used Hercules. This helped to justify their actions, as they were sanctioned by the gods. On this coin “IOVI” or Jupiter is seen with a lightning bolt, scepter and eagle, which are all symbols of Jupiter. The obverse does not use religion but the portrait itself to display power. The strong jaw and square head give the impression of a powerful figure. In addition, his beard is closely cropped and would have been common in the military, further showing his discipline and dominance. In their art the Tetrarchs removed many individualizing features to perpetuate the idea to the public that they were a single entity that ruled with divine authority. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 400-401; C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 260; H. Cohen, Latin Epigraphy II: The Coin Inscriptions and Epigraphical Abbreviations of Imperial Rome (Chicago 1978), XLIII; J P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 46; C.H.V. Sutherland and R.A.G. Carson, The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. VI (London 1967), 613. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.238 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, January 30, 1960. Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Galerius (Galerius Maximianus), 5.30 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7ebb22a2dd1c18bf33409c5a60e3f872.jpg f53ee0495f829007550e6b9177e46359 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maximian (Maximianus Herculeus) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 294 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Maximian (Maximianus Herculeus); MAXIMIANVS P F AVG. Reverse: Fortification with open door and gate; three towers in front, two large towers with two small towers in between in back; VIRTVS MILITVM; PR in exergue. Style/Period: Roman Empire Maximian, born around the year 250 CE, was emperor from 285 CE until 305 CE, during an era known as the Tetrarchy. This was a time when control of the Roman empire was shared between four men in order to distribute power and allow the empire to run smoothly. The obverse of the coin shows a very powerful figure in the style of the early Tetrarchy. Later on in the Roman and Byzantine Empires, portraits would become more and more abstract, but at this stage the abstraction is limited to exaggerating a few features to make the emperor seem more powerful. The square head and strong jaw-line show a man of strength, and the short beard would have been common on a soldier, signifying Maximian’s military roots. In the art of the Tetrarchy, the Tetrarchs were not four separate rulers, but four men carrying out the duties of the imperial office as one. Portraits of the various emperors have almost no distinctive features to reaffirm this unity. The reverse reaffirms and strengthens the military might of the Tetrarchy. “VIRTVS MILITVM” has a double meaning. It means the “courage of the soldiers” and could mean that the coin is praising the army. However, all of the Tetrarchs came from the army, and the inscription could also be praising them. The imagery of this coin depicts a camp fort, made of stone. The fort indicates the presence of the Roman military while the stone shows its permanent presence. Permanent fortifications and walled cities became commonplace during the Tetrarchy to protect the fracturing empire. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 400-401; C.H.V. Sutherland and R.A.G. Carson, The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. VI (London 1967), 351; C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 254-255. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.237 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, June 30, 1960. Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Maximian, Rome, 5.46 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/00ffddf0f110678bdd18c5f57f34a883.jpg d85eaba85c085b150796b14b423c5d2d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Diocletian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 294 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Diocletian; DIOCLETIANVS AVG. Reverse: Tetrarchs sacrificing over a tripod before the gate of a six-turreted structure; VICTORIA SARVAT. Style/Period: Roman Empire Diocletian was proclaimed emperor on September 17, 284 CE. At the time the Roman empire had gone through 50 years of anarchy with dozens of claimants to the throne. However, Diocletian defeated the last of these soldier emperors in mid-285 CE and set about restoring the imperial power of Rome. These steps included expanding the imperial college from a single ruler to eventually four, in what we know as the Tetrarchy. The Tetrarchy used its coinage to show strength and unity. The obverse of this coin shows his portrait in full Tetrarchic fashion, with his eyes deep-set and his head almost rectangular, with a military-style beard and a strong jaw. It would have been the face of a very powerful and disciplined man. Additionally, there are almost no distinguishing characteristics between this portrait and those of other Tetrarchs, thus demonstrating their unity. The reverse of this coin also attempts to solidify the Tetrarchy’s unification and military might. All four of them are situated around a turreted enclosure, sacrificing on an altar. The enclosure is reminiscent of a military fort, thus showing their connection with the army, and they each wear military uniforms. Meanwhile the altar indicates their divine right to rule. Additionally, “VICTORIA SARMAT” is inscribed, meaning victory over the Sarmatians. They were a Steppe tribe in central Europe that had been attacking Roman territory for several decades. With this declaration he is able to show the people of the empire the Tetrarchy’s military success. Furthermore, just as the portrait has no distinguishing features, the same is true on the reverse. There is no way to distinguish the four men; they are even the same height. All of this was to project the power of the Tetrarchy. It was not four men ruling simultaneously, but four men ruling together as a single entity. --McKinley Breen, `21 Bibliography: C. Foss Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 250-251; C.H.V. Sutherland and R.A.G. Carson, The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. VII (London 1984), 442, 459; J.P.C Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 46-48; L. Breglia, Roman Imperial Coins: Art and Technique. (New York 1968), 202. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.234 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Fred Knobloch, February 1968. Title A name given to the resource Silver Argenteus of Diocletian, 3.11 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/476eeaf447f05887db45e556f84592a8.jpg ba249ba42ac59406790a539d17dd0a08 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Diocletian 4.94g Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Diocletian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 285-293 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate draped profile bust of Diocletian. IMP(ERATOR) C(AESAR) C(AIVS) VAL(ERIVS) DIOCLETIANVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Caesar Gaius Valerius Diocletian Augustus Reverse: Jupiter facing left with thunderbolt in left hand and scepter in right. IOVI CONSERVAT(ORI) AVG(VSTVS): Jupiter, Conservator Augustus Style/Period: Roman Empire The obverse of this coin depicts the emperor Diocletian, who was proclaimed emperor in 284 CE and ruled until 305 CE, when he abdicated the throne. He came to power at the end of a great political upheaval known as the crisis of the third century. In order to help manage the sprawling empire, he made his colleague Maximian co-Augustus. To project as much power as possible the two emperors deified themselves. Diocletian made Jupiter, king of the heavens, his patron god, and Maximian made Hercules, king of the earth, his patron. This helped justify their actions and showed the world their strength, as the two emperors claimed to be living incarnations of the gods. Thus the statue of Jupiter on the reverse reads “IOVI CONSERVATOR AVG,” and implies that Jupiter is conserving, or protecting, the emperor and the empire as a whole. Therefore, due to this deification, Diocletian is only carrying out the desire of the gods. The reverse has a portrait of Diocletian. He wears a laurel crown and is draped in imperial garb. His face is in a transitional style of Roman coinage. At this time the individualizing characteristics of emperors were disappearing in order to show unity. His head is small and circular, with a long neck in the tradition of the military emperors who came before him during the crisis. The lack of any individually identifying characteristics and heavily incised neck-line shows this coin’s place in a transition from the instability of the past to the more stable future that Diocletian hoped to build. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 400-401; C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 250-251; J.P.C Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 46-48; L. Breglia, Roman Imperial Coins: Art and Technique (New York 1968), 201- 202. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, July 24, 1959. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.235 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b3fc7dafb4e79da1591f04cb2fa89512.jpg d1e036d87eb12b4598bd3169f6a0f331 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Diocletian Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Diocletian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 287 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diocletian in profile view, with a laureate head. DIOCLETIANVS AVGVSTVS: Diocletian Augustus. Reverse: Man on horseback, raising right hand. COS (SVL) III: Consul for the third time. Style/Period: Roman Empire Diocletian was proclaimed emperor in 284 CE and ruled for over 20 years before abdicating in 305 CE. He came to power at the end of a great political upheaval in the Roman empire. In order to prevent the empire from slipping back into anarchy, he took measures to ensure that the empire would return to a strong central government. Among these was sharing control of the empire between four men, called the Tetrarchs, distributing the enormous burden of administration. He also transferred power into the Roman army, and the emperors were in direct control of the military, transforming the empire into a military dictatorship. This coin shows his reliance on that military infrastructure. The reverse has an image of Diocletian on horseback in a pose that is highly reminiscent of a general leading his troops. This would show the army that he is their leader, and the people that he is in direct command of the military. The COS III is a celebration that he was elected consul for the third time. At this point the Senate had virtually no power, and Diocletian’s role as a consul is indicative that the last vestiges of the Roman republic had been swept away. His portrait on the obverse shows how the Tetrarchy used art to project its power. Diocletian’s head is rectangular, and his eyes are large and deep-set. His chin is very pronounced, and he sports a military-style beard. Anyone who looked at the coin would see the face of a very powerful, disciplined man who is not to be crossed. Meanwhile, the beard further solidifies his connection with the military. In addition, to show the political unity of the Tetrarchy, there are almost no distinguishing characteristics between Diocletian and other Tetrarchs. If not for the inscription, there would be no way to tell that it is actually Diocletian. This was to show that the Tetrarchy was not four men ruling together, but four men acting as a single unified entity. --McKinley Breen, LU `21 Bibliography: D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 400-401; C. Foss, Roman Historical Coins (London 1990), 250-251; J.P.C Kent, Roman Coins (New York 1978), 48; L. Breglia, Roman Imperial Coins: Art and Technique (New York 1968), 202. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former Collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2001.098 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/6583e7ea409b4eb93609ab03589a5074.jpg 5164e25d0f2feec9ad34b955d8c787b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caligula Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 39-40 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head, C(AIVS) CAESAR DIVI AVG(VSTI) PRON(EPOS) AVG(VSTVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) III P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Gaius Caesar Augustus, great grandson of Divine Augustus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the third time, father of the country Reverse: S(ENATVS) P(OPVLVS) Q(VE) R(OMANVS)/ P(ATER) P(ATRIAE)/ OB CIVES/ SERVATOS in four lines, within oak wreath: The Senate and the People of Rome, pater patriae, for having saved the citizens Style/Period: Early Roman Empire The obverse of this coin depicts the head of Caligula, third emperor of Rome, with a laurel wreath on his head. The inscription identifies him as the great-grandson of Divine Augustus. While Caligula was not the biological great-grandson of Augustus, his father, Germanicus, was adopted by Tiberius in 4 CE. Tiberius himself had been adopted by Augustus, after Augustus married Livia Drusilla, thus making Caligula the great-grandson of Augustus. In his portrait on the obverse, Caligula is depicted in the typical idealized Julio-Claudian style started by Augustus. However, Caligula was very young when he was emperor (his mid-late twenties), so it is possible this reflected more of his actual appearance, especially as it features the very broad forehead mentioned by Suetonios in his life of Caligula (50). The reverse of the coin has an inscription with an oak wreath around it. This oak wreath can be identified as the corona civica, or civic crown. The corona civica was granted by the Senate to citizens who had saved the lives of other citizens in battle. It was awarded to Augustus in 27 BCE. The inscription indicates that Augustus received this honor “for having saved the citizens,” that is by putting an end to a period of turbulence in Roman history and bringing peace to the new empire. This inscription fits also well with the obverse of the coin, and it is clear that Caligula was attempting to both honor Augustus and make his connection to him clear. -- Anna Vogel, LU `18 Bibliography: S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, eds., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford 1996), s.v. Augustus, Gaius (1), Germanicus, Tiberius; J. M. Jones, A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins (London 1990), s.v. laurel, oak; D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 126-127; C.H.V. Sutherland and R.A.G. Carson, The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. 1 (London 1984), 110-111. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.126 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, March 11, 1960. Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Caligula, 28.87 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/a75c15be2684ce5bb68fa2145f6c884c.jpg e394176002abf99c6e871b6534bfd5e2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caligula Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 40 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Caligula. C(AIVS) CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) PON(TIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) POT(ESTATE) III CO(N)S(VL) III: Gaius Caesar Augustus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power for the third time, consul for the third time Reverse: Bare head of Germanicus. GERMANICVS CAES(AR) P(ATER) C(AIVS) CAES(AR) AVG(VSTVS) GERM(ANICVS): Germanicus Caesar, father of Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus Style/Period: Early Roman Empire The obverse of this coin depicts Caligula (Gaius), the third emperor of Rome, who came into power upon Tiberius’s death. He has a laurel wreath on his head, a symbol of victory often used on the obverse of coins during the Roman Empire. As the inscription indicates, Caligula was given the title pontifex maximus as well as tribunician power and the consulship during his reign. He first took the consulship in 37 CE, which allows this coin to be dated to 40 CE. In the year 40 CE, he served as sole consul. Caligula’s portrait generally reflects the idealized style typical of the Julio-Claudians, but with the sunken eyes, “broad and forbidding forehead,” and perhaps a hint of the baldness that Suetonius mentions (Caligula, 50). The reverse of the coin depicts Caligula’s father, Germanicus Caesar, with a bare head. Germanicus was adopted by his paternal uncle, the emperor Tiberius. During Tiberius’s reign, he led campaigns in Germany and elsewhere. It was while on the Rhine with Germanicus that Gaius earned the nickname “Caligula” meaning “little boot.” Germanicus’s portrait is also in the typical Julio-Claudian style. Caligula was still relatively young while he served as emperor, indicating that his portrait may be more truthful. However, Germanicus’s portrait is very similar to Caligula’s, with only some small indications of age, showing the idealization present on this coin. -- Anna Vogel, LU `18 Bibliography: S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, eds., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford 1996), s.v. Gaius (1); J. M. Jones, A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins (London 1990), s.v. consul, laurel; D. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (New Haven 1992), 126-127; C.H.V. Sutherland and R.A.G. Carson, The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. 1 (London 1984), 108-109. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.123 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 '' Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, April 1, 1960. Title A name given to the resource Aureus of Caligula, 7.64 g.