9 15 194 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/8ccf8e8bbdd1b751ccaa79cc33f9ad23.jpg 728223cf90b3eac067bac20966eaa3a3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 55 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Jugate busts of Nero facing right, bare-headed and draped at back of neck, and Agrippina II, bare-headed and draped; NERO CLAVD(IVS) DIVI F(ILIVS) CAES(AR) AVG(VSTVS) GERM(ANICVS) IMP(ERATOR) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTETATE) CO(N)S(VL). Nero Claudius, son of a god (the Divine Claudius), Caesar Augustus Germanicus, imperator, with tribunician power, consul. Reverse: Quadriga of elephants facing left, bearing two chairs holding two male figures, Divine Claudius, radiate, holding eagle-tipped scepter in right hand, and Divine Augustus, radiate, holding patera in right hand and scepter in left; above elephants, EXS C: by authority of the Senate; AGRIPP(INA) AVG(VSTA) DIVI CLAVD(II) {supply uxor} NERONIS CAES(ARIS) MATER: Agrippina Augusta, wife of Devine Claudius, mother of Nero Caesar. Style/Period: Roman Empire The emperor Nero (Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus Nero Claudius Caesar) was the son of Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger, but his mother later married the emperor Claudius, who adopted him in CE 50. He married Octavia, the daughter of Claudius, in 54 CE and became emperor in 55 CE, when his ruthless mother poisoned Claudius. Agrippina exerted powerful influence over her son at the beginning of his reign, but Nero quickly began to assert himself and had her murdered in 59 CE. Her initial influence, however, is reflected in the early coinage of Nero, in which she is depicted alongside the still youthful emperor. Agrippina's portrait is very generalized, although she appears to have some of the fashionable corkscrew curls that can be seen in her marble portraits. Nero's portrait is beginning to acquire some of the features that became more prominent as he grew older, the fleshiness in the chin and neck and the mouth that recedes between his overhanging nose and rounded chin. The figures with the radiate crowns in the quadriga on the reverse most likely represent the two deified emperors, Augustus and Claudius; one of Nero's first acts as emperor was the consecration of his step-father. Their presence strengthened Nero's claim to the throne through relationship to them. The elephant quadriga had been used on the coins of Tiberius honoring Divine Augustus. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 6. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.135 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought at Stack's auction, Morgan, Sept. 14, 1983. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, Agrippina II, quadriga, elephant, Divine Claudius, eagle, scepter, Divine Augustus, patera Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Nero, 7.60 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/db3fdb3b99a2bb75c6b0e07948f304c0.jpg d2f0830c29e2bc52dd699439ffff92af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-65 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Nero facing right; NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS: Nero Caesar Augustus. Reverse: Jupiter seated facing left, holding thunderbolt in right and scepter in left; IVPPITER CVSTOS: Jupiter the Guardian. Style/Period: Roman Empire By 65 CE the cruelty and extravagance for which Nero became notorious, including the murder of his mother, wife, step-brother, and tutor, had made him increasingly hated, and a conspiracy named for its leader, Piso, was formed to depose him. Nero's discovery of the plot resulted in a murderous purge. This coin is usually seen as commemorating the failure of the conspiracy, its reverse depicting Jupiter, the "guardian" of Nero. Nero is reported to have dedicated the dagger that was to have killed him to Jupiter Vindex (Avenger) in the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitol. Although the conspiracy failed, revolts occurred in various parts of the empire, and in 68 CE Nero was forced to commit suicide. The head on the obverse depicts his most well-known and distinctive portrait type, in which he has abandoned the Julio-Claudian features of his youth (see 91.135) for an apparently more realistic type that does nothing to disguise his gross appearance, his facial structure all but disappearing under layers of fat. His distinctive hair rises in a wreath of waves from his forehead and grows long at the nape of his neck. He also has sideburns and a slight beard. In 64 CE a great fire destroyed much of Rome. The cost of rebuilding was enormous and resulted in a reform of the monetary system. The weight of the aureus was reduced from 1/42 to 1/45 of a Roman pound (that is, from c. 7.70-7.85 g. to c. 7.25-7.40 g.). The weight of this aureus indicates that it was issued after the reform. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 52. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.134 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, February 27, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, Jupiter, thunderbolt, scepter Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Nero, 7.31 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e7e821979f256754e8fa35be48584889.jpg 3416130c692a58239278bb7720bf0089 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-66 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Nero facing left; NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GER(MANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) IMP(ERATOR) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, imperator, father of the country. Reverse: On right, veiled and draped Ceres seated left, holding grain in right and torch in left; on left, draped Annona standing right, right resting on hip, left holding cornucopia; between them, modius on garlanded altar; behind, ship's stern; ANNONA AVGVSTI CERES: Annona and Ceres of the Augustus; in exergue, S(ENATVS) C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire By Nero's time the city of Rome had long ceased to be self-sufficient in its food supplies, especially grain, which had to be imported from all over the empire. Nero took great pains on his coins to refer to the adequacy of the grain supply in his reign. His sestertius depicting his improvements in the Port of Ostia (see 91.141), the main point of entry for the imported grain, alluded to its improved transport, and the reverse of this sestertius conveys the same message in another way. On either side of an altar are Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture, and Annona, the personification of the grain harvest. Ceres holds her usual attributes, grain and the torch with which she searches for her daughter, Proserpina, held captive in the Underworld for the winter months. Annona holds a cornucopia, symbol of agricultural abundance; this is her first appearance on a coin. On the altar is a modius, a grain measure, and in the background a ship's stern, references to the transport of the grain. The portrait on the obverse portrays Nero with curls rather than a shelf of waves over his forehead and with a beard (compare 91.134). --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 140. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.137 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Platt Hall collection; ex du Chastel collection; Malter, 1975. Subject The topic of the resource Nero, Ceres, grain, torch, Annona, cornucopia, modius, garland, altar, ship Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 25.35 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/8bdb0574f2eb666025e82cc17303fdfb.jpg 60fb30ebb2aafb04f32e8740422dc8f9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-66 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Nero facing right; NERO CLAVD(IVS) CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GER(MANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) IMP(ERATOR) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, imperator, father of the country. Reverse: Nero, bare-headed, cuirassed, and wearing cloak, prancing right on horseback, holding spear in right hand; behind, mounted soldier prancing right with vexillum over right shoulder; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; in exergue, DECVRSIO: decursio. Style/Period: Roman Empire The reverse of this sestertius of Nero depicts the decursio, a type of military exercise on horseback that was perhaps performed in the training of the cavalry and in public shows and competitions. Nero was very fond of horses, particularly chariot racing, and it would not have been out of character for him to have had himself depicted as a participant in this event. The standard bearer who accompanies him suggests that the exercise in this case was meant to refer to manoeuvers of the praetorian guard, the troops who guarded the emperor. The portrait on the obverse of this coin is Nero's late type, with its distinctive hairstyle and very fleshy face and neck. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 396, 436. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.138 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Ex Ives collection; Coin Galleries, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, cuirass, horse, spear, soldier, vexillum Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 25.79 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/bcd70939b6947cf88c7f0bfa79851cae.jpg c413d4d9e4160e8c3e416caae3719e46 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-66 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Nero facing right; NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GER(MANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) IMP(ERATOR) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, imperator, father of the country. Reverse: Triumphal arch with garland across arch; above, emperor in facing quadriga led on left by Victoria holding wreath and palm, on right by Pax holding caduceus and cornucopia; below quadriga to left and right of attic, figures of soldiers; in niche on left side of arch, figure of Mars standing right, holding spear in right and shield in left; reliefs on piers and bases of arch; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire Just prior to Nero's accession, the Parthians, people who had long threatened the eastern borders of the empire, captured Armenia. Nero appointed the distinguished general Domitius Corbulo to take charge of the Roman interests in the region, and his successful campaigns from 58 to 62 CE, as much diplomatic as military, caused the Parthians to withdraw. The triumphal arch depicted on the reverse of this sestertius is thought to be the arch the Senate awarded Nero for the peace that resulted. It was located on the Capitoline Hill. No traces of it remain; it was probably destroyed after Nero's death. On top of the arch, Nero in his triumphal quadriga is escorted by Victoria and Pax, representing the peace achieved through the victory in Armenia. The statue of Mars in the niche should be understood as Mars Ultor, in whose temple were kept the Roman standards captured by the Parthians and recovered by Augustus (see 91.115,91.111), thus equating Nero's recent success with the Parthians with that famous achievement of Augustus. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 147; F. Kleiner, The Arch of Nero in Rome (Rome 1985). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.140 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, August 12, 1969. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, triumphal arch, garland, arch, quadriga, Victoria, wreath, Pax, cornucopia, soldiers, Mars, spear, shield Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 27.04 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/c1bfb7826d1de5ca037640416277b733.jpg 8b61db0610d2ac6e8fce92712e79d022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Galba Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 69 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and laureate bust of Galba facing right; IMP(ERATOR) SER(VIVS) SVLP(ICIVS)GALBA CAES(AR) AVG(VSTVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE): ImperatorServius Sulpicius Galba, Caesar, Augustus, with tribunician power. Reverse: Libertas standing facing left, draped and holding pileus in right and scepter in left; LIBERTAS PVBLICA: Liberty of the public; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire Servius Sulpicius Galba, who was born into an old aristocratic family and who had served as governor in Germany and Spain, joined the revolt against Nero, was hailed imperator by his troops, and assumed the title Augustus on the death of Nero. He was murdered by his troops after a reign of only about eight months. Galba issued coins during the revolt, before he had been confirmed as Augustus by the Senate, and these featured types and slogans of the revolt promising the restitution of Rome and of liberty. This coin, issued after Galba had become emperor, still has some of that character, with its reverse depicting Libertas Publica. Libertas had been worshipped in the republic as the personification of personal liberty, but in the empire she stood for liberation from tyranny. Here she holds her usual attributes, a scepter and a pileus, a conical cap given to slaves when they received their freedom. Galba's portrait on the obverse shows that he rejected the youthful classicism of the Julio-Claudians and the flourishes of Nero for an uncompromising realism perhaps meant to recall the verism of the late republic and to appeal to the military upon which his power depended. He was already over seventy when he became emperor, and he is depicted as elderly, with a lined forehead, bags under his eyes, and sagging jowls. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 309. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.143 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, March 11, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empires, Galba, Libertas, pileus, scepter Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Galba, 26.27 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/c6edbe518916b6859129f26c0c8818d2.jpg 6f7b7c544bf47e683b537c5e868a345d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 66-68 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Nero to right; IMP(ERATOR) NERO CLAVD(IVS) CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GER(MANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Imperator Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, father of the country. Reverse: Roma, helmeted and in military dress, seated left on cuirass, holding Victoria in right and resting left on parazonium; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate; in exergue, ROMA: Rome. Style/Period: Roman Empire In July 64 CE much of the city of Rome was destroyed by a fire that burned for days. Although Nero was widely blamed for the fire (it was known that he wanted to clear a large part of the city for a new palace), he took it upon himself to rebuild both the public and private sectors of the city. He cared for the refugees and replaced the old shacks and tenements with insulae, apartment blocks constructed of concrete faced with brick, of limited height and situated on a grid plan of widely-spaced streets, which eased the overcrowded conditions and made the housing safer and more easily accessible to fire brigades. The reverse of this sestertius celebrates the rebirth of the city. Roma, the personification of the city of Rome who was worshiped as a goddess, wears a short tunic, with her right breast bared in the manner of an Amazon, and armor, including a parazonium or short sword worn at the waist. As a symbol of the city's triumph she holds Victoria in her extended right hand. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 329. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.139 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, March 10, 1961. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, Roma, helmet, cuirass, Victoria, parazonium Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 26.50 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f5ba8c2b6c8c334b388004284b9d0db3.jpg 966e08449153b12e310c8f53dd88cefa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nero Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 64-66 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate bust of Nero facing right; NERO CLAVD(IVS) CAESAR AVG(VSTVS) GERM(ANICVS) P(ONTIFEX) M(AXIMVS) TR(IBVNICIA) P(OTESTATE) IMP(ERATOR) P(ATER) P(ATRIAE): Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician power, imperator, father of the country. Reverse: Bird's-eye view of the port of Ostia. At top, lighthouse surmounted by statue of Neptune left, holding scepter; at bottom, reclining figure of Tiber left, holding rudder in right and dolphin in left; to left, crescent-shaped pier with portico; to right, crescent-shaped row of slips; in center, seven ships; PORT(VS) OST(IENSIS) AVGVSTI: the port of Augustus of Ostia; S(ENATVS)-C(ONSVLTO): by decree of the Senate. Style/Period: Roman Empire One consequence of the emperor Nero's monetary reform of c. 64 CE (see 91.134) was the reintroduction of the bronze sestertius, which had been suspended since the time of the emperor Claudius. These large coins provided Nero's die-engravers with opportunities to develop not only fine portraits for the obverses but also very detailed reverses designed to remind people of the emperor's good qualities and the services he provided to the people of Rome. The reverse of this sestertius commemorates the expansion of the Roman port of Ostia. The work was begun by Claudius in 42 CE, in order to provide year-round deliveries of grain. The harbor was dedicated in 54 CE, but ten years later Nero made it part of an ambitious plan to connect Lake Avernus to Ostia with a 125-mile long canal, a project never completed. The port itself is depicted with a wealth of detail, not all of which is legible on this coin. The porticoes of the pier on the left probably represent the warehouses and offices through which the city's imported grain supply passed. The slips on the right may represent the docking area. In the harbor large and small ships come and go under the watchful eyes of the statue of Neptune, god of the sea, and a personification of the river Tiber. --Shannon Gaylord Bakich-Grasser, LU '92 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 180. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.141 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, August 12, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Nero, port, Ostia, lighthouse, statue, Neptune, scepter, Tiber, personification, rudder, dolphin, pier, slips, ships Title A name given to the resource (Copper/bronze/brass) Sestertius of Nero, 26.40 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/58d16bd81c26e42c1220468efbc15a7c.jpg 62afea33da2ea238d0e957c5b7ea7d9d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 9-8 B.C.E. Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Augustus facing right; AVGVSTVS DIVI F(ILIVS): Augustus, son of a god (the Divine Julius Caesar). Reverse: Augustus, togate, seated to left on stool on platform, extending right to infant held toward him by figure wearing cloak; in exergue, IMP(ERATOR) XIIII: imperator for the fourteenth time. Style/Period: Roman, Empire A major goal of Augustan policy in the West was to move the western frontier of the empire from the Alps, close enough to allow incursions into Italy from the tribes to the north, to the Rhine and eventually to the Elbe rivers. Augustus worked out the strategy for the campaign while he was in Lugdunum (modern Lyons) from 16 to 13 BCE. From 12 to 9 BCE there were successes under his stepsons, Drusus and Tiberius, which were celebrated on the reverse of this coin issued in Lugdunum depicting a defeated German presenting a child to the seated emperor. These victories were soon followed by revolts, however, and the Roman forces were eventually forced back to the Rhine. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 201a. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.110 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Abner Kreisberg, October 5, 1970. Subject The topic of the resource Roman Empire, Augustus, togate, infant Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Augustus, 7.76 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/04d7accfd834eccccc6641e19b74b88d.jpg a924cfd9d6bc6524914988af80516f6f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 15-13 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bare head of Augustus facing right; AVGVSTVS DIVI F(ILIVS): Augustus, son of a god (the Divine Julius Caesar). Reverse: Diana standing facing left, wearing short tunic, leaning on spear in right and holding bow in left ;dog standing to left; [I]MP(ERATOR) - X: imperator for the tenth time; in exergue,SICILI: Sicily. Style/Period: Roman, Empire Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey the Great, was a powerful naval commander who waged a long struggle against Octavian, the heir of Julius Caesar destined to become the emperor Augustus, in the years after Caesar's assassination. Although Pompey styled himself a son of Neptune for his naval prowess, Octavian regarded him as a pirate. His fleet, which was based in Sicily, had defeated Octavian's forces on several occasions, but at Naulochus in 36 BCE. Octavian prevailed. The Senate awarded him a lesser triumph (a solumn procession into the city), an annual victory celebration, and a gilded statue, as well as the right to wear the laurel wreath. Octavian, who by this time had begun to associate himself with the god Apollo, attributed his victory over Sextus Pompey to Apollo and his sister Diana; there was a sanctuary of Diana near the site of the battle. During this battle he was said to have vowed a temple to Apollo on the Palatine; he built it next to his own house, which further solidified his identity with the god. The mint at Lugdunum, modern Lyons, located near much of the western military activity in the Augustan period, was the source of numerous issues with military themes. This coin depicting Diana of Sicily on its reverse, issued long after the battle, recalls the event which did much to establish the power of Octavian in the West. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 172; P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor 1988) 49-53. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.108 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Edward Gans, Dec. 3, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Augustus, Diana, spear, bow, dog Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Augustus, 7.74 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/eb343440236aa3859655545432a1c292.jpg e3e0c29c1b9c1fc72be09546b331a60a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource after 27 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Augustus facing right Reverse: Capricorn facing right, with cornucopia rising from back and holding globe and rudder; AVGVSTVS: Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire According to the biographer Suetonius (The Divine Augustus 1.94), Augustus was born under the sign of Capricorn (the moon, not the sun, was in Capricorn at his birth). Suetonius recounts a story from Augustus' youth, in which he visited an astrologer, who fell to his knees after seeing the configuration of the heavens at Augustus' birth. According to Suetonius, the incident gave Augustus (then Octavius) great faith in his destiny and caused him to make his horoscope public and later to strike a silver coin with the sign of Capricorn. Capricorn on the reverse of this coin, as in the zodiac, takes the form of a goat with the tail of a fish and a cornucopia growing from its back. Here it also holds a globe and rudder, symbols of sovereignty. Capricorn also appeared on glass beads that supporters of Augustus wore as a sign of their loyalty. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 541; P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor 1988) 47-49. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.114 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Hesperia Art, March 18, 1961. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Augustus, Capricorn, cornucopia, globe, rudder Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Augustus, 3.68 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/fbcbd57b0c6f72c7accb9739ddd33960.jpg 862d4c792ab7f942ac8c116d088bd1e5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 19-18 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Augustus facing right, wearing oak wreath. Reverse: Between laurel trees, shield inscribed CL(IPEVS) V(IRTVTIS): shield of valor; around shield, S(ENATVS) P(OPVLVS)Q(VE) R(OMANVS): the Senate and People of Rome; in two lines above and below shield, CAESAR AVGVSTV[S]: Caesar Augustus. Style/Period: Roman, Empire In the Res Gestae, his posthumously published summary of his achievements, Augustus describes some of the honors given him by the Senate: For restoring the republic "I was named Augustus by resolution of the Senate. The doorposts of my house were officially decked out with young laurel trees, the corona civica was placed over the door, and in the Curia Iulia was displayed the golden shield, which the Senate and the people granted me on account of my bravery, clemency, justice, and piety, as is inscribed on the shield itself." The reverse of this denarius depicts some of those honors. The golden shield is the clipeus virtutis or honorific shield, traditionally inscribed with virtues or achievements; it is here inscribed with an abbreviation to identify it. The original shield was displayed in the Curia, and copies of it were set up all over the Roman world. The shield is flanked by the young laurel trees, which were attributes of the god Apollo with whom Augustus associated himself; such pairs of trees also flanked the buildings housing the oldest priesthoods and gave the entrance to Augustus' house a sacred aspect. Laurel wreaths and branches were also the traditional symbols of victory. The corona civica or civic crown, which Augustus wears in place of the traditional laurel wreath in the portrait on the obverse, was an oak wreath, traditionally awarded for rescuing a comrade in battle. It is given to Augustus here for rescuing the republic and its citizens. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 36a; P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor 1988) 91-97. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.112 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman Empire, Augustus, oak wreath, laurel trees, shield, SPQR Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Augustus, 3.62 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/faa0686adeb4e5ff1e3df706afb253c7.jpg c844c7c5d9cf5f82a1d70081e4418700 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 19 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bare head of Augustus facing right; CAE[SAR AVG]VSTVS: Caesar Augustus. Reverse: In round, domed temple with four columns, Mars standing facing left, wearing cloak and helmet and holding standard in right and trophy over left shoulder; MAR(TIS)-VLT(ORIS): of Mars Ultor. Style/Period: Roman, Empire The return in 20 BCE of the Roman standards captured by the Parthians (see 91.115) was a victory celebrated by Rome with numerous honors for Augustus, although he refused the full military triumph decreed by the Senate. The Senate nevertheless erected a triple triumphal arch depicting the defeated Parthians and crowned with Augustus in a triumphal chariot. The standards themselves were publicly displayed in a small temple built expressly for the purpose and dedicated to Mars Ultor (Mars the Avenger). The standards were usually depicted in the form of the standard for a legion, which consisted of a pole with an eagle on top, although various divisions could also have their own insignia, sometimes in the form of a vexillum or flag (see 91.115). The reverse of this coin depicts one of the standards with its eagle held by the cult statue of Mars in a round, domed structure representing the temple. In his left hand he holds a trophy. No trace of the temple has been found. --Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 68. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.111 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Augustus, dome, temple, columns, Mars, trophy Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Augustus, 3.72 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/c1185f971150e5211aacc50a48ec3dcc.jpg 1a334a270b5433e080a002b4de2499f5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Augustus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 19 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Liber facing right; TVRPILIANVS III VIR: Turpilianus, triumvir. Reverse: Parthian kneeling to right., offering standard with vexillum in right, holding out left ;[CAESAR A]VGVSTVS SIGN(IS) RECE(PTIS): Caesar Augustus; standards retaken. Style/Period: Roman Empire This coin refers to the event that Augustus regarded as his greatest diplomatic achievement, the recovery in 20 BCE of legionary standards and prisoners captured by the Romans' long-time enemies, the Parthians. On the reverse is a kneeling Parthian, identified as a barbarian by his native dress, extending a standard with a vexillum or flag attached to it in his right hand. The standards had been lost by others in earlier operations against the Parthians, by M. Crassus at the battle of Carrhae in 53 BCE, by Decidius Saxa in Syria in 40 BCE, and by Marc Antony in his invasion of Armenia in 36 BCE The surrender was achieved by diplomatic means, but it accompanied the recovery of Armenia, and in Rome it was regarded as a military victory for which the Senate voted Augustus a triumph. Augustus refused the full triumphal celebration, but he allowed his triumphal insignia to be displayed, and an arch was erected in the Forum Romanum to commemorate the event. The recovered standards were placed in the small round Temple of Mars Ultor (Mars the Avenger) built especially for them (see 91.111). This coin comes from one of the last series to bear the names and symbols of the triumviri monetales, the board of three officials in charge of minting; their names and symbols had been a regular feature of republican coinage. The coins of Publius Petronius Turpilianus feature nature deities; the head on the obverse is Liber, an Italian god of wine commonly identified with Bacchus. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 287. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.115 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Edward Gans. December 3, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Liber, Parthian, standard, vexillum, Augustus Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Augustus, 3.93 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7968c319460abe2fc20a1604dba2dacb.jpg 434f6b81110c3fc9f9dfbc50cff9a753 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Octavian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 28 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bare head of Octavian facing right; behind, lituus; CAESAR CO(N)S(VL) [VI]: Caesar, consul for the sixth time. Reverse: Crocodile facing right; AEGVPTO CAPTA: Egypt captured. Style/Period: Roman Republic This denarius celebrates the successful conclusion of Octavian's Egyptian campaign. The campaign began with the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, at the Gulf of Ambracia on the western coast of Greece, in which he defeated the fleet of his rival Marc Antony and forced Antony and his ally Kleopatra to flee to Egypt. On August 1, 30 BCE Octavian's forces entered the Egyptian capital, Alexandria, where most of Antony's troops surrendered. Antony and soon after Kleopatra committed suicide, and Octavian became sole ruler of the Roman world. In 29 BCE Octavian returned to Rome for his official triumph (a triple one, primarily celebrating his successes at Actium and Alexandria but also in Illyricum), and in the following year the crocodile with the inscription AEGVPTO CAPTA celebrated the event on these denarii, probably struck at Rome. The portrait on the obverse is a particularly youthful one. The lituus behind it, a symbol of the priest as augur or diviner of success or failure, is often taken to refer to the customary auguries before battle and thus here probably refers to the anticipated victories in the three campaigns celebrated in 29 BCE. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 275a. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.113 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Edward Gans, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Octavian, lituus, crocodile, Egypt, Augustus Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Octavian, 3.58 g.