5 15 194 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3b0c90a6acf007f19c709c86aed876f4.jpg 9aa9f8b9b2b8c6dd77aa79c6ff34a080 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constans II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 647-651 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Constans with short beard, wearing chlamys and crown with cross, holding globus cruciger in right hand; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) CONSTANTINVS P(ER)P(ETVVS) AV(GVSTVS): Our lord Constans, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Cross potent on four steps; VICTORIA AVGV(STI) E: Victory of the Augustus, officina mark E; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Constans II, the son of Heraclius Constantine and grandson of Heraclius (see 91.275), was co-emperor with his uncle, Heraclonas, and became sole emperor at the age of eleven when Heraclonas was deposed by the senate. Although he is called Constantinus on his coins, Byzantine writers called him Constans. In his reign the Arabs made inroads into Byzantine territory, and anxiety over threats from the Lombards in Italy caused him to move to Syracuse. He attempted without success to resolve theological and political differences with the Western Church. He was murdered in 668 CE. Constans modeled his coins after those of his grandfather, Heraclius (see 91.275), changing his portrait as he aged from beardless to wearing a short beard, as here, and finally to wearing a long, full beard. He also retained the cross potent on the steps on the reverse. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.276 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, Feb. 9. 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Constans II, chlamys, crown, cross, globus cruciger, cross potent, steps Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Constans II, 4.38 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/917d4e728fc9b14d5451257d6f3d4041.jpg b656e6bbaa5a9733bf647de021e362d6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Heraclius, Heraclius Constantine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 613-625 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Heraclius with beard on left, facing bust of Heraclius Constantine on right, each wearing chlamys and crown with cross; cross in field between heads; DD (DOMINI abbreviated) NN(NOSTRI abbreviated) HERACLIVS ET HERA(CLIVS) CONST(ANTINVS) P(ER)P(ETVI) AV(GVSTI): Our lords Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine, perpetual Augusti. Reverse: Cross potent on steps; VICTORIA AVCV(STI) H: Victory of Augustus, officina mark H; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Heraclius overthrew his hated predecessor, Phocas, in 610 CE. He regained much of the territory that had been lost by his predecessors and ensured stability by re-establishing the practice of adopting an heir who ruled in association with him. His eldest son, Heraclius Constantine, was made Augustus soon after he was born. The obverse of this solidus of Heraclius proclaims his intention to rule jointly with his son and establishes the conventions of coin portraits for joint rulers. Heraclius as the senior ruler is depicted on the left, with the junior Heraclius Constantine on the right. Differences in scale underscore the differences in age and seniority, as does the fact that Heraclius Constantine has not yet acquired a beard. The chlamys worn by the two figures is civilian garb and in most emperor portraits of the seventh century replaces the armor of earlier emperors. It was a long, embroidered purple cloak, fastened on the right shoulder by a fibula or pin, which in imperial portraits takes the form of a round brooch with three pendants. The reverse revives the cross on the steps, a type introduced by Tiberius Constantine (see 91.272), understood to represent the cross on the hill of Calvary; it would become the main reverse type of the seventh century. -- Rebecca K. Browning Wojcik, LU '93 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908) 28; P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.275 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, February 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Heraclius, Heraclius Constatine, chlamys, crown, cross, cross potent, steps Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine, 4.44 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b130d10e83a08843df1417831545215f.jpg ef15637cfba08ca273e34022f2d7f7da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Phocas Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 602-610 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing bust of Phocas, wearing paludamentum and crown with cross, holding globus cruciger in right hand; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) FOCAS PERP(ETVVS) AVG(VSTVS): Our lord Phocas, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Standing angel facing, holding staff with Christogram in right hand, globus cruciger in left; VICTORIA AVGV(STI): Victory of the Augustus; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine In 602 CE Phocas, a junior officer of barbarian descent, led his troops in a mutinous revolt against the imperial government and succeeded in taking the throne. He initiated a reign of terror aimed particularly at the aristocracy, and in the ensuing chaos the Persian army advanced on the Balkans and Asia Minor. The situation was saved with the intervention of Heraclius, who deposed Phocas. The coins of Phocas are unusual because they revive an interest in portraiture, which the engravers of the stylized portraits of most early Byzantine emperors had long ignored. In contrast to the busts of other sixth-century emperors, the portrait of Phocas emphasizes his barbarian heritage. His pointed beard and his straight, shaggy hair give him a distinctly foreign appearance, and he wears a simple crown and a military cloak, the paludamentum, fastened with a fibula or pin on the right shoulder. His beard set a precedent for most later emperors. The inscription on the reverse abandons the usual legend VICTORIA AVCCC, the abbreviation of the plural Augustorum indicating the joint rule of more than one Augustus (see 91.268, 91.269, 91.270, 91.272). In this period of sole rulers the legend had long been anachronistic, but Phocas' decision to change it to refer to a single Augustus may have been intended to emphasize his determination, in the face of mounting opposition, to rule alone. -- Timothy S. Riley, LU '92 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.274 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Frederick Knobloch, February, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Phocas, paludamentum, crown, cross, globus cruciger, angel, staff, Christogram Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Phocas, 4.28 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/7d39c1f94b036aa75264768e33fff958.jpg cca85de8f8921ec6bcf18457de1c7a01 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tiberius Constantine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 578-582 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing cuirassed bust of Tiberius Constantinius, wearing crown with cross and holding globus cruciger in right hand; at left shoulder, shield depicting attacking horseman; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) TIB(ERIVS) CONSTAN(TINI)VS P(ER)P(ETVVS) AVC(VSTVS): Our lord Tiberius Constantine, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Cross potent on four steps; VICTORIA AVCC (AVGVSTORVM abbreviated) E: Victory of the Augusti, officina mark E; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Tiberius I was made Caesar by Justin II in 574 CE and renamed Tiberius Constantine. When Justin suffered bouts of insanity, he appointed Tiberius his successor. Tiberius inherited Justin's problems, including the war with the Persians that had begun under Justin, and he was only able to hold the Persians at bay. For the history of Byzantine coinage, Tiberius plays an important role. He introduced a new reverse type, the cross potent (a cross with a bar at the end of each arm) on four steps, a radical change from the figural types of earlier coinage. The image supposedly came to him in a vision. The cross on the steps is called the cross calvary because it is assumed to refer to the cross on the hill of Calvary. The immediate inspiration for the image may have been the golden cross that was erected on Mount Calvary in the reign of Theodosius II (408-450 CE). Although the type was used only once in sixth-century coinage, it was often used during the seventh and eighth centuries. -- Timothy S. Riley, LU '92 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908); P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.272 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Milton A. Holmes auction, October 18, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, Tiberius Constantine, crown, cross, globu cruciger, shield, horseman, horse Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Tiberius Constantine, 4.40 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/c6c574aa86bafd3de1eba5abad72b316.jpg 18759de8a9a0750f603372e9ea2cbd22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Justinian I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 527-545 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing helmeted and cuirassed bust of Justinian, holding globus cruciger in right hand; at left shoulder, shield with attacking horseman; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) IVSTINIANVS P(ER)P(ETVVS) AVC(VSTVS): Our lord Justinian, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Standing facing angel with cross-staff in right hand and globus cruciger in left; VICTORIA AVCCC (AVGVSTORVM abbreviated) E: Victory of the Augusti, officina mark E; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Justinian's accomplishments in military affairs, the law, and the arts were among the greatest of the Byzantine empire. He reclaimed most of the territory of the Roman empire, codified the old Roman law, and built Hagia Sophia and other important churches and monuments in Constantinople. Underlying his temporal victories was a strong personal conviction for orthodox Christianity. Justinian's policy of reconquest is made clear on the obverse of this coin. In place of the usual spear, in his right hand the emperor holds the globus cruciger, a globe surmounted by a cross, indicating that the emperor receives his authority from God. From this time onward the globus cruciger would become a regular feature of the Byzantine imperial bust. On earlier coins the globus had been held by Victoria on the reverse (see 91.269). Although stylized in the manner of most Byzantine coin portraits, this portrait type may bear some resemblance to the emperor, for Justinian's biographer, Procopius, writes that he was "rather plump," his face "round and not unattractive" (Secret History, 8). -- Timothy S. Riley, LU '92 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.270 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, Sept. 17, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, helmet, Justinian, globus cruciger, shield, horseman, horse Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Justinian I, 4.45 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f183ee8ec22e1821d23ed238feefb309.jpg 5f56377e7973ccd914059005c93d086f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Justin I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 518-527 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Helmeted bust of Justin I three-quarter facing right, holding spear behind head in right hand; shield with attacking horseman on left shoulder; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) IVSTINVS P(ER)P(ETVVS) AVC(VSTVS): Our lord Justin, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Standing angel facing, holding globus cruciger in left hand and staff with cross in right; eight-pointed star in right field; VICTORIA AVCCC (AVGVSTORVM abbreviated) S: Victory of the Augusti, officina mark S; in exergue, CONOB: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine Of peasant origin, Justin I rose through the ranks of the military and was proclaimed emperor by the army in 518 CE. A man of little learning, in matters of policy he is thought to have relied upon the advice of his nephew, Justinian I. He made an alliance with the papacy in Rome and restored religious orthodoxy in the East in the wake of his predecessor's unpopular Monophysitism or belief in the unity of the divine and human natures of Christ. The obverse depicts Justin in the stylized portrait type established by his predecessor, Anastasius I (see 91.268). On the reverse, however, Justin introduced a new type. In place of the profile Victoria commonly depicted on the reverses of earlier coins (see 91.168) is a facing angel holding a cross-staff in his right hand and a globus cruciger or sphere with a cross on top in his left hand. The transformation of the female Victoria into a male angel has been accomplished by changing the Victoria's chiton belted beneath the breasts to a chlamys belted at the waist. Roman emperors had sometimes been depicted with the globus, a symbol of their rule of the world, but beginning in the fifth century it acquired the Christian cross and became a globus cruciger. The globe was apparently symbolic; there is no evidence of the existence of such an object until 1014 CE, when Pope Benedict VIII had a globus cruciger made as a coronation present for Henry II. -- Timothy S. Riley, LU '92 Bibliography: W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (London 1908); P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.269 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Hesperia Art, Feb. 9, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, helmet, Justin I, spear, shield, horseman, horse Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Justin I, 4.48 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/6e2327ed22ab95a4b8c0804f138b8ce1.jpg 7ad11ba33821dd1cd252e01ae8459f7a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anastasius I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 491-518 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Anastasius three-quarter facing right, holding spear behind head in right hand; shield with attacking horseman at left shoulder; D(OMINVS) N(OSTER) ANASTASIVS P(ER)P(ETVVS) AVC(VSTVS): Our lord Anastasius, perpetual Augustus. Reverse: Victoria standing l., holding long cross in r.; star in r. field; VICTORIA AVCCC (AVGVSTORVM abbreviated) N: Victory of the Augusti, officina mark N; CONOB in exergue: gold of Constantinople. Style/Period: Byzantine In 491 CE, after the death of the emperor Zeno, the empress Ariadne put the relatively unknown court official Anastasius on the throne. He is best known for his reform of the copper of the old Roman monetary system, and for this reason his coins are the first to be considered truly Byzantine. In contrast to the typical profile portraits of the emperor on the obverses of coins in the western Roman empire, the Byzantines preferred facing busts. This coin depicts the military type, with the emperor wearing a cuirass and helmet, carrying a spear over his right shoulder and a shield at his left depicting a horseman in battle. The portrait also differs from typical Western portraits in the extreme simplification of the facial features, with emphasis upon the large eyes. The reverse of this coin is one of the last to use partly pagan and partly Christian imagery. The winged Victoria is a standard type in earlier Roman coins, but the Victoria on this coin holds a staff with the Christogram, the monogram of Christ or Χριστσς in Greek. On this coin the monogram consists of a cross with a loop at the top forming the Greek letter rho (Ρ). The legend on the reverse is abbreviated in the manner of coins of the late fourth and early fifth centuries, in which the number of C's (G in this period takes the form of C) corresponded to the number of emperors ruling together. In this period there is usually only a single emperor, but the abbreviation of the plural Augustorum persists. The term CONOB in the exergue combines CON as an abbreviation for Constantinople with OB, an abbreviation for obryzum, the technical term for gold. -- Timothy S. Riley, LU '92 Bibliography: P. Grierson, Byzantine Coins (London 1982). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.268 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Coin Galleries, March 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Byzantine, helmet, Anastasius, spear, shield, horseman, horse, Victoria, cross, star Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Anastasius I, 4.43 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/95a704b3195aa75f2687c4d5e1af3b08.jpg 7ba408671c2665bca2149b98013e3586 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Julian II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 362 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust of Julian II facing right; FL(AVIVS) CL(AVDIVS) IVLIANVS P(IVS) F(ELIX) AVG(VSTVS): Flavius Claudius Julianus, pious, fortunate Augustus. Reverse: Soldier, helmeted, standing facing right, head to left, holding trophy in left hand, dragging captive with right; VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANORVM: the valour of the Roman army; in exergue, ANTH: Antioch. Style/Period: Roman Empire Flavius Claudius Julianus, known to history as Julian the Apostate, was a nephew of Constantine, born in the imperial capital of Constantinople in 332 CE. He and his brother, Gallus, were the only male members of the side of Constantine's family descended from his father's first wife, Theodora, rather than from Constantine's mother, Helena, to survive the massacre of 337 CE, an apparent attempt to wipe out that side of the family. He spent his early years studying philosophy in Asia Minor, where he first became interested in the worship of the old pagan gods. He was made Caesar by the emperor Constantius II in 355 CE and posted to Gaul, where he was successful in dealing with the Germans. His popularity with his troops resulted in his proclamation as emperor in 360 CE. He was spared a war with the emperor by Constantius' death in 361 CE. He openly renounced Christianity, which earned him the name Apostate, and tried unsuccessfully to restore paganism. He was killed in battle in 363 CE. The portraits of Julian are striking in that he rejected the beardless portrait tradition that had begun with Constantine, probably because of its association with Christianity, and wore instead the beard of earlier pagan emperors. The reverse also reverts to earlier types and even to the more naturalistic, Classical style that was used to portray them. -- Jonathan D. Greene, LU '93 Bibliography: J.P.C. Kent, The Roman Imperial Coinage VIII: The Family of Constantine A.D. 337-364 (London 1981) Antioch 203. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.249 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, April 11, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, diadem, curiass, Julian II, soldier, helmet, trophy, captive Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Julian II, 3.97 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/af63deba1e9f1f2753a8b6b198f0e35d.jpg e7781c2318b167d4eb9a0ca732b37ac2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Constantine I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 336-337 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Draped and cuirassed bust of Constantine facing right, wearing rosette diadem; CONSTANTINVS MAX(IMVS) AVG(VSTVS): Constantine the Great Augustus. Reverse: Victoria seated on cuirass facing right, inscribing shield held by winged genius VOT(A)/XX/XX: vows for forty years of rule; VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG(VSTI): Victory of Constantine Augustus; in exergue, CONS: Constantinople. Style/Period: Roman Empire Constantine was the son of Constantius, an army officer who became Caesar and one of the rulers of the tetrarchy in 293 CE (see 91.246). When Constantius died in 306 CE, the army proclaimed Constantine emperor, but it was not until the complete dissolution of the tetrarchy and his defeat of several contenders to the throne that Constantine finally emerged as sole Augustus in 324 CE. The true nature of his religious beliefs is still debated, but Constantine was a patron and defender of Christianity, and in his reign the last specifically pagan types on coins die out. In 309-310 CE, in an effort to stabilize the badly devalued currency of the time, Constantine began issuing a new, somewhat lighter gold coin, the solidus, which was to become the standard gold coin until the tenth century CE. The new capital at Byzantium, which Constantine dedicated and renamed Constantinople, now became a major mint of gold coinage. The mint mark CONS indicates that this solidus was issued there. Constantine's portrait type constitutes a clear break from the tough soldier types of the tetrarchy. His clean-shaven face and hair combed forward in separate locks over his forehead recall those aspects of the portraits of Trajan (see 91.158). At the same time the upward gaze recalls the coin portraits of Alexander the Great, which served as prototypes for the divine ruler portraiture of much of the Hellenistic age (see 91.046). The diadem, of which this is the most elaborate type, was adopted by Constantine and the members of his house as a new symbol of sovereignty. The reverse of this coin, struck in 336-337 CE for Constantine's tricennalia or thirtieth anniversary of his acclamation as emperor, records vota or prayers for ten more years of rule; the four X's that Victoria inscribes on the shield refer to a total of forty years. Constantine, however, died the year the vows were undertaken. -- Benjamin Hayes, LU '93 Bibliography: P.M. Bruun, The Roman Imperial Coinage 7: Constantine and Licinius AD 313- 337 (London 1966) 108. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.240 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Münzen und Medaillen, 1981. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Constantine, diadem, Victoria, cuirass, sheild, winged genius Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Constantine I, 4.42 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/398bc41f37b90217749cd05069accdd9.jpg 0248c616799907e3ffa87778095f2748 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Crispus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 325-326 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed head of Crispus facing right Reverse: Victoria advancing facing left, holding wreath in right hand and palm branch in left; CRISPVS CAESAR: Crispus Caesar; in exergue, N, symbol of the mint at Nicomedia. Style/Period: Roman Empire Flavius Julius Crispus, the eldest son of Constantine the Great and his concubine, Minervina, was made Caesar in 316 CE, together with his half-brother, Constantine II. He was made governor of Gaul, where he defeated the Germans, and he headed the successful naval campaign against Constantine's rival, Licinius. He was executed in 326 CE, apparently amid accusations of adultery with his step-mother, Fausta. The early coin portraits of Crispus emphasize his military successes by depicting him armed, and the Victory on the reverse of this coin probably also alludes to these achievements, but later a new portrait style, a diademed head with an upward gaze, appears on his coins. The head of this coin and the type of the reverse are almost identical to the types on contemporary coins of Constantine, and the similarities were probably meant to strengthen Crispus' position as an heir to the throne. -- Jonathan D. Greene, LU '93 Bibliography: P.M. Bruun, The Roman Imperial Coinage VII: Constantine and Licinius A.D. 313-337 (London 1966) 618 no. 110. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.242 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Münzen und Medaillen, 1987. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Crispus, Victoria, wreath, plam branch Title A name given to the resource Gold Solidus of Crispus, 4.4 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/d7565015d21c9757edc8bf6d5181c6cc.jpg c69472ecb27f51ac91c25fb128041428 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Licinius I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 321-322 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Facing draped and cuirassed bust of Licinius I; LICINIVS AVG(VSTVS) OB D(IEM) V (quinquennalium) FILII SVI: Licinius Augustus on the day of the quinquennalia of his son. Reverse: Jupiter seated facing on throne, holding Victoria on globe in right hand, scepter in left; eagle with wreath on throne platform; platform inscribed in two lines SIC X/SIC XX: thus ten, thus twenty; IOVI CONS(ERVATORI) LICINI AVG(VSTI): to Jove the Protector of Licinius Augustus; in exergue, SMANE: mint mark of Antioch. Style/Period: Roman Empire After the breakdown of the tetrarchic system (see 91.236), Licinius, a commoner from Dacia, emerged along with Constantine (see no. 128) as co-emperors. The two former allies eventually became rivals and in 324 CE, in the second of their wars, Licinius was defeated and exiled; Constantine initially spared his life but had him executed in 325 CE. Licinius' son, Licinius II, was given the rank of Caesar as a child in 317 CE. He was exiled with his father and in 335 CE condemned to slavery. This coin of Licinius I celebrates the quinquennalia or fifth anniversary of Licinius II as Caesar in 321-22 CE. On the obverse is an extraordinary facing portrait of the senior Licinius; the only earlier facing portraits of a Roman emperor occur on coins of Postumus. The head shows the stark simplification and flatness that were characteristic of most of the tetrarchic coin portraits. There may be some individualization in the round face and close-set features, but the general effect is abstract. The reverse is the same that Licinius I had used for his own decennalia or tenth anniversary in 317 CE. It depicts Jove the Protector, the patron god of Licinius, also facing. On the base of his throne are inscribed the vota or prayers for the tenth and the anticipated twentieth anniversaries that are carried over from the decennalia issue of Licinius I. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.M. Bruun, The Roman Imperial Coinage VII: Constantine and Licinius A.D. 313-337 (London 1966) 681 no. 32. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 23-Jun-1990. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Licinius I, Jupiter, throne, Victoria, globe, eagle, wreath, throne Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Licinius I, 5.25 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/df65ffb673e5883d1dbf23f1e89a0a96.jpg 7a20496c3128ffb384850f7d31463cd7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maximian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 294 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Maximian facing right; MAXIMIANVS AVG(VSTVS): Maximianus Augustus. Reverse: Tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod before arch in eight-turreted enclosure; VIRTVS MILITVM: the valour of the army. Style/Period: Roman Empire When Diocletian was proclaimed emperor in 284 CE, he put Maximian in charge of the West and quickly elevated him first to the rank of Caesar and then to Augustus. Maximian dealt with German invasions and rebellion in Gaul while Diocletian remained in the East to fight the Persians. In 293 CE Diocletian put into effect his plan to reorganize and stabilize the administration of the empire and to strengthen its frontiers by establishing the tetrarchy or rule of four, in which there were to be two senior emperors, the Augusti, and two junior colleagues, the Caesares, each of whom was assigned responsibility for one area of the empire. Diocletian and Maximian remained the Augusti, and Diocletian appointed Constantius and Galerius Caesares. The next year he introduced major financial reforms, including important changes in the coinage, one of which was the introduction of a fine silver coin called the argenteus. This coin is a typical example of the new denomination. Most of the types on the argentei are military, designed to appeal to the troops that were paid with the coins. The obverse portrait of Maximian is the typical military type with short hair and beard; the type on Diocletian's coins is virtually identical, the similarity probably a means of expressing the concord and unity of the tetrarchs. The same idea is conveyed by the reverse, on which the four rulers sacrifice together before a gateway fortified with towers. -- Benjamin Hayes, LU '93 Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage VI: from Diocletian's reform (A.D. 294) to the death of Maximianus (A.D. 313) (London 1967) Siscia 32b. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.236 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Fred Knobloch, Jan. 1968 Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, Maximian, Tetrarchs, scrifice, tripod, arch Title A name given to the resource Silver Argenteus of Maximian, 2.79 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/6b1ce1cd9c41c72e4ccef686163819f6.jpg b4f311e85c4a80df8cda971052e5842d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carinus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 283-285 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed and draped bust of Magnia Urbica facing right; MAGNIA VRBICA AVG(VSTA): Magnia Urbica Augusta. Reverse: Venus standing facing right, holding apple in left hand, lifting mantle from shoulder with right hand; VENERI VICTRICI: to Venus Victrix. Style/Period: Roman Empire If little is known of the short-lived soldier-emperors of the third century, even less is known of their wives. In some cases not even their names are known, and in others the coinage of their husbands provides the only record of their existence. Magnia Urbica, wife of Carinus (see 91.233), who ruled from 283 CE to 285 CE, is known only from coins, which tell us that she had received the title Augusta. If her portrait actually records her features, she was young (Carinus was in his early thirties when he became emperor) and beautiful. She wears an elaborate hairstyle characteristic of the period, with her hair softly waved backward, then braided, with the braid pinned on the top of her head by her diadem. The reverse depicts Venus Victrix holding the apple which she won in the Judgment of Paris. Venus had been associated with Augustae since the first Augustus claimed descent from her, and Venus in the form of Victrix was especially appropriate for a fair young empress (see 91.183). -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.H. Webb, The Roman Imperial Coinage V.2 (London 1933) 340. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 93.017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Harlan Berk, 16-Aug-1990. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, diadem, Magnia Ubrica, Venus, apple, mantle, Carinus Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Carinus, 5.38 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/3e5fd33972d9946830b8687e881f6f19.jpg 6fb9f82fedcbb27c6b49a580bc926039 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carinus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 284 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate and cuirassed bust of Carinus facing right; IMP(ERATOR) CARINVS P(IVS) F(ELIX) AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Carinus, pious, fortunate Augustus. Reverse: Nude Hercules standing facing right, leaning on club; VIRTVS AVG(VSTI): Virtus of the Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius Carinus, son of the emperor Carus, was made Caesar shortly after his father's accession in 282 CE, at about the age of thirty-three. He was put in charge of the troops in the West while his father went to the East on a campaign against the Persians. In 283 CE he and his brother, Numerian, were elevated to the rank of Augustus, and shortly afterward their father was killed, reportedly struck by lightning. When Numerian was murdered on the way back from Persia in 284 CE, Carinus became sole emperor. Meanwhile, Diocletian had been proclaimed emperor by his troops, and he marched against Carinus. They met in a battle at Margus in Moesia, which was won by Carinus, but he was murdered on the battlefield by one of his men whose wife he had seduced. The portrait of Carinus on the obverse of this aureus reverts to the standard military type of the third-century emperors, with very short hair and beard, but like the portraits of Postumus (see 91.227) and Probus (see 91.232), it also depicts an elaborate cuirass. The reverse, celebrating the Virtus of the emperor, depicts Hercules with his most common attributes, the club and lionskin. These refer to one of his twelve labors, in which he killed the lion that the goddess Juno had sent to destroy him. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.H. Webb, The Roman Imperial Coinage V.2 (London 1933) 233. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.233 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, November 4, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Empire, cuirass, Cariuns, Hercules, club Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Carinus, 4.52 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/b7268b033b213f44b01add88dd30e447.jpg 24e4e3f5ca88bd9c9e1f7634cb9ab2f2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Probus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 282 CE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Probus facing left, holding lance in right hand and on left arm decorated shield; IMP(ERATOR) PROBVS AVG(VSTVS): Imperator Probus Augustus. Reverse: Draped and radiate bust of Sol facing right; SOLI INVICTO COMITI AVG(VSTI): to the Invincible Sun, companion of Augustus. Style/Period: Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius Probus was the son of a soldier and commander in the East when the emperor Tacitus was killed in a mutiny. His troops proclaimed him emperor, and he immediately set about restoring order. For much of his reign Probus traveled back and forth, successfully putting down revolts at the frontiers of the empire. He celebrated a great triumph in Rome in 282 CE, which this coin perhaps commemorates. In the same year he was on a campaign against the Persians when the revolt of his praetorian prefect, Carus, encouraged his troops to kill him. The gold coins of Probus feature elaborate portraits of the emperor in full military dress, emphasizing his success as a commander. On the obverse of this aureus, in addition to the decorated cuirass and helmet, he holds a shield with a relief representing the emperor on horseback pursuing an enemy. On the reverse is a bust of the sun god, Sol, wearing his usual radiate crown. Sol had become increasingly important since Septimius Severus had brought the cult of Sol Invictus, the Invincible Sun, from the East, and he appears particularly as the companion and protector of the emperor. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: P.H. Webb, The Roman Imperial Coinage V.2 (London 1933) 138. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.232 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Abner Kreisberg, June 8, 1978. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, helmet, curiass, Probus, lance, sheild, Sol Title A name given to the resource Gold Aureus of Probus, 7.49 g.