10 15 194 https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/10f7e6fc89e7c034ca2664874a1949df.jpg e60ecb6dd507931f8b8734899e196c87 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Octavian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 29-27 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Victoria standing to right on prow, holding wreath in right and palm in left Reverse: Octavian, holding olive branch, in triumphal quadriga to right; IMP(ERATOR) CAESAR: Imperator Caesar. Style/Period: Roman Republic In 31 BCE Octavian, the great-nephew and adopted heir of Julius Caesar, brought an end to the civil wars that had plagued the late Roman republic since the assassination of Caesar when his forces defeated the huge navy of his rival Marc Antony and Kleopatra of Egypt and he emerged as sole ruler of Rome. The rival leaders had for some time issued their own coins to finance their military needs, and Octavian continued to do so, but from the time he was given the honorific title Augustus and constitutional imperial power by the Senate in 27 BCE, he gradually took control of Roman coinage and its institutions and established the model for the coinage that served the Roman empire for the next three centuries. The coin types that he and his successors used were meant to inform the better educated Roman public of their achievements and various aspects of imperial policy. This coin, issued by Octavian before he received his title and position in 27 BCE, seems somewhat old-fashioned in that it does not depict his portrait. The head of the issuer first appeared on the coins of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE (see 91.106). A portrait quickly became the popular obverse of the rivals in the civil war that followed Caesar's assassination and would eventually become the norm for imperial coinage. But both the obverse and reverse of this coin feature types referring to Octavian's victory over Antony and Kleopatra. Victoria on a ship's prow on the obverse refers to naval victory, specifically Octavian's defeat of Antony's fleet in the Battle of Actium. But the depiction of Octavian in a triumphal quadriga on the reverse indicates that the coin actually dates from his triple triumph (for his victories in Illyricum and Egypt, as well as in the battle of Actium) in Rome in 29 BCE, when the Senate conferred numerous honors upon him. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage I: from 31 BC to AD 69, rev. ed. (London 1984) 264. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.107 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Hesperia Art, Mar. 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Republic, Victoria, prow, wreath, Octavian, olive branch, quadriga, Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Octavian, 3.86 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/d2059348d90b267b27d69e954147eb26.jpg 339b952b430a3b2ff109bb72b734d375 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Julius Caesar, Marcus Mettius Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 44 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Laureate head of Julius Caesar facing right, with long neck; CAESAR IMPER(ATOR): Caesar, imperator. Reverse: Venus Victrix walking to left, holding small Victoria in left and spear in right, with shield at left side; monogram in left field; M METTIVS: Marcus Mettius (mint magistrate). Style/Period: Roman Republic Julius Caesar was born in 100 BCE to a patrician family that claimed descent from Aeneas, mythical founder of Rome, and his mother, the goddess Venus. He was one of the greatest speakers, writers, and generals of republican Rome, and he quickly rose through a succession of offices to become dictator. Among those who opposed him were the sons of Pompey the Great, whom Caesar had defeated in 48 B.C. He defeated them at the battle of Munda in 45 BCE, after which the Senate voted him the title imperator for life and the right to wear the laurel wreath, the sign of the victorious general hailed by his troops. As Caesar's power grew and he accepted honors appropriate to a king and even a god, Roman aristocrats formed a plot and had him assassinated on the Ides of March, 44 BCE. Julius Caesar's coinage before 44 BCE. used the traditional types struck for his army, making reference to his own achievements and to his claim that his family was descended from Aeneas and Venus. But in 44 BCE he also began to issue coins bearing his own portrait, the first of a Roman to appear on a coin in his own lifetime, and he thereby established the model for Roman imperial coinage. The portrait depicts Caesar in the "veristic" style typical of the late republic, in which experience and wisdom are suggested by an apparently truthful record of the person's advanced age. He is shown with a very long, lined neck, a prominent Adam's apple, lined cheeks, and a high, lined forehead that hints at the baldness he is said to have tried to conceal with the laurel wreath (Suetonius, Divine Julius, 45). Here the laurel perhaps represents the gold wreath that he had increasingly taken to wearing on public occasions. The reverse depicts the family goddess, Venus, in her military guise as Victrix (Victorious), with her armor and holding Victoria in her right hand. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: J.P.C. Kent, Roman Coins (London 1978) 17. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.106 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Edward Gans, Mar., 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Roman, Republic, Julius Caesar, Venus Victrix, Victoria, shield, Marcus Mettius Title A name given to the resource Silver Denarius of Julius Caesar and Marcus Mettius, 3.78 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/9032608f7881ac1fe000640e2a1c0a95.jpg 2dee7443f628a553fc40a7d82efbbd6a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Egypt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 204-180 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bust of Ptolemy I Soter facing right, wearing diadem and aegis. Reverse: Eagle standing to left on thunderbolt; ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ: of King Ptolemy. Style/Period: Hellenistic The Ptolemies greatly revered the founder of their dynasty, Ptolemy I Soter, and retained his portrait head on their common silver tetradrachms until the end of the dynasty (see 91.096, 91.097). The eagle and thunderbolt on the reverse, attributes of his patron deity, Zeus, were his personal device. This coin was issued in the name of Ptolemy V Epiphanes (Illustrious), who was born to the throne and whose coming of age and crowning in 197 BCE provided the occasion of the decree of the priests of Memphis recorded on the Rosetta Stone. During its war with Syria from 202 to 200 BCE, Egypt needed to issue coins in several localities. Many of the issues were the conventional types, including the Soter tetradrachm. The portrait shows considerable change in the characteristics of Ptolemy I from the coins he issued for himself (compare 91.096). Although the typical Soter features, the prominent, obstinate chin and the bulging forehead, are recognizable, the portrait is more idealized and youthful, the eye larger, the nose straighter and less beaked. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) (Cambridge 1991). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.101 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased for Edward Gans, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Ptolemy I Soter, diadem, aegis, eagle, thunderbolt, Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Egypt Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Egypt, 13.47 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/a8018c13bb53481979c843d170027f70.jpg 5cec3c30c79324e985687764ac7e794b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ptolemy IV Philopator, Egypt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 221-205 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bust of Ptolemy III facing right., wearing radiate diadem and aegis, scepter-trident behind shoulder. Reverse: Radiate cornucopia bound with fillet; ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ: of King Ptolemy. Style/Period: Hellenistic This coin depicting Ptolemy III Euergetes (Benefactor) was issued by his successor, Ptolemy IV Philopator (Father-lover), as a gesture of dynastic continuity and of the filial piety that his name implies. Ptolemy III was the son of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II. He married his cousin Berenike II, princess of Kyrene, thereby reuniting Egypt with Kyrene, which Ptolemy II had lost. He carried on a successful war against Syria and acquired important cities in Asia Minor and Thrace. The portrait on the obverse confers upon Ptolemy III several attributes of divinity. He wears the aegis associated with Zeus that had been an attribute of Ptolemy I Soter (see 91.096). The trident that forms part of his scepter alludes to Poseidon, god of the sea, and to Ptolemaic naval power, which was at its height under Ptolemy III. The radiate diadem on the portrait head and the rays over the cornucopia on the reverse refer to the sun god, Helios. The cornucopia itself refers to the abundance and prosperity of Egypt. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: J. Svoronos, Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Ptolemaion 2 (Athens 1904) 1131, pl. 36.4; O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) (Cambridge 1991) 108-109. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.100 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Numismatic Fine Arts, 1989. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Ptolemy III, diadem, aegis, scepter-tri, cornucopia, Ptolemy IV Philopator, Egypt Title A name given to the resource Gold Octodrachm of Ptolemy IV Philopator, Egypt, 27.82 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/529188b2ab3a365178961ddf0c0c41be.jpg 5cdefc337324c68471db1a451b2201cd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ptolemy III Euergetes, Egypt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 246-221 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed and veiled head of Berenike II facing right, wearing necklace. Reverse: Cornucopia bound with diadem; ΒΕΡΕΝΙΚΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ: of Queen Berenike. Style/Period: Hellenistic Ptolemy III Euergetes (Benefactor) carried on successful military campaigns (see 91.100) that brought new wealth into Egypt, resulting in the minting of octodrachms and other gold denominations and a return to the Attic weight standard, which had not been used in Egypt for over sixty years. The most common type on the obverse of the octodrachms was a portrait of his wife, Berenike II of Kyrene. Berenike's marriage to her cousin was politically significant, since it had brought Kyrene, which had been lost by Ptolemy II, back under Egyptian control. Upon the death of her husband, she became joint ruler with her son, Ptolemy IV, who had her murdered. Coin portraits of queens were common in Hellenistic Egypt, where women had higher status than elsewhere in the ancient world and were often influential. Berenike is depicted with the royal diadem and a veil. The fruit-filled cornucopia bound with the royal diadem of the reverse is a symbol of abundance and prosperity often depicted on the coins of agricultural Egypt. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: J. Svoronos, Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Ptolemaion 2 (Athens 1904) 1113, pl. 35.1; O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) (Cambridge 1991) 106. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.099 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Numismatic Fine Arts, 1980. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem, Berenike II, cornucopia , Ptolemy III Euergetes, Egypt Title A name given to the resource Gold Octodrachm of Ptolemy III Euergetes, Egypt, 27.81 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/94f9ec092067913f3c34a7040bfac562.jpg f5760837700af89e5bfb2e1c67606888 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ptolemy II, Egypt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 260s BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Jugate busts facing right of Ptolemy II, diademed and wearing chlamys, and Arsinoe II, diademed and veiled; shield in left field; ΑΔΕΛΘΩΝ: of the siblings. Reverse: Jugate busts facing right of Ptolemy I, wearing diadem and aegis, and Berenike I, diademed and veiled; ΘΕΩΝ: of the gods. Style/Period: Hellenistic Ptolemy II Philadelphos (Brother-lover) succeeded his father, Ptolemy I, and after their deaths deified his father and his mother, Berenike I. In depicting himself and his sister-queen, Arsinoe, on the obverse and his deified parents on the reverse of this octodrachm and on his tetradrachms, he emphasized family resemblance and dynastic continuity. His marriage to his sister scandalized Greeks, but brother-sister marriages were a custom of the Egyptian pharaohs and the Ptolemies continued the tradition for generations. The legends on the coin refer to the cult title of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe, the "divine siblings." These coins were also struck by the successors of Ptolemy II. The shield in the field of the obverse was added to the coins of Ptolemy II minted in Alexandria and may have been his personal badge. The queens of the Ptolemaic dynasty were often powerful and influential. Arsinoe II had been married to Lysimachos of Thrace (see 91.046) and her half-brother, Ptolemy Keraunos, before her marriage to Ptolemy II. Known for her intelligence and ambition, she is credited with influencing her husband's foreign affairs. When she died suddenly in 269 B.C., Ptolemy II established a state cult for her and issued coins with her portrait. Berenike did not participate in public affairs but her influence was nevertheless significant. It was her son rather than Ptolemy's first-born son by his previous marriage who succeeded to the throne, and after her death she received her own temple at Alexandria, near the temple where she and Ptolemy were worshiped together as Savior gods. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: H. Troxell, "Arsinoë's Non-era," American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 28 (1983) 60-62; O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) (Cambridge 1991). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.098 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Abner Kreisberg, October 1, 1972. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Ptolemy II, diadem, chlamys, Arsinoe II, veiled, shield, Ptolemy I, aegis, Berenike I, , Egypt Title A name given to the resource Gold Octodrachm of Ptolemy II, Egypt, 27.79 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/1e6105282746c9f49d51d30b85ad4c21.jpg 5258942f0a13b58deac08e771698a7b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ptolemy II, Egypt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 285-246 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed head of Ptolemy I facing right, wearing aegis. Reverse: Eagle on thunderbolt to left ; in left field, ΣI; ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ: of King Ptolemy. Style/Period: Hellenistic Ptolemy II Philadelphos (308-246 BCE), the son of Ptolemy I and Berenike I, was made co-ruler with his father in 285 BCE and became sole ruler at his father's death in 283 or 282 BCE Although known for his wealth and extravagant living, he was also a patron of scholars who brought many Greek intellectuals to the famous Library and Museum of Alexandria, which in this period became the cultural and intellectual center of the Greek world. He established many Greek settlements in Egypt. Ptolemy II established his family's ruler cult by marrying his sister, Arsinoe II, and deifying himself and members of his family. He established dynastic continuity on his coins by retaining the types of Ptolemy I, so that it is often difficult to date the coins to one reign or the other. But while under Ptolemy I coins had been issued only in Egypt, Ptolemy II established mints in Phoenicia, which identified their coins with mint-marks. The mark SI identifies the source of this coin as Sidon. The portrait of Ptolemy I appears to be losing some of its individualized character. It still has the prominent chin and bulging forehead of the coins of Ptolemy I, but the nose is less hooked and the age of the king harder to determine (see 91.096). The pentadrachm was the most common gold denomination under the Ptolemies. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: J. Svoronos, Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Polemaion 2 (Athens 1904) 712, pl. 21.1. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.097 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Bank Leu, August 28, 1973. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem, Ptolemy I, aegis, eagle, thunderbolt, Ptolemy II, Egypt Title A name given to the resource Gold Pentadrachm of Ptolemy II, Egypt, 17.81 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/53f93c29482115968661bc46e69b88c1.jpg b5f267fe06d033365fc84f2d8d2022c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ptolemy I Soter, Egypt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 305-283 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed head of Ptolemy I facing right, with aegis; small Δ behind ear. Reverse: Eagle standing facing left on thunderbolt, wings open; in left field, Ρ above monogram; ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ: of King Ptolemy. Style/Period: Hellenistic After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, his general Ptolemy claimed Alexander's land in Egypt. In 305/04 B.C. he assumed the title of king, and the same year he was given the title Soter or Savior for saving the people of Rhodes from Demetrios Poliorketes, king of Macedonia (see 91.060). The Ptolemaic dynasty that he established controlled Egypt until it was taken by Rome in 31 BCE. Ptolemy's first coinage depicted a portrait of the deified Alexander on the obverse, but with his increasing independence he became the first of Alexander's successors to replace it with his own image. The portrait is highly individualized, with deep-set eyes, high forehead, beaked nose, and prominent chin, and yet the distant gaze, partially open mouth, and the arrangement of the hair recall portraits of Alexander. He wears the royal diadem and an aegis, an attribute of his patron deity, Zeus, around his neck. This portrait type continued on the obverse of tetradrachms throughout the Ptolemaic dynasty (see 91.097, 91.101). This coin is dated to the reign of Ptolemy I by the small D, probably the engraver's initial, behind Ptolemy's ear. The reverse depicts an eagle on a thunderbolt, both attributes of Zeus, which Ptolemy adopted as his personal badge. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 BCE) (Cambridge 1991) 63-66. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.096 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Edward Gans, January 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem, Ptolemy I, aegis, eagle, thunderbolt, Egypt Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Ptolemy I Soter, Egypt, 14.31 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/e6d64679ee1a25fb8dc60f8fd2ac443c.jpg f85bee7f3f29c83c2f5dfe35c23d2e54 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Eukratides (Eucratides), Bactria, Afghanistan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource after 170 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bust of Eukratides facing right, wearing cuirass, diadem, and crested helmet with ear and horn of bull. Reverse: Dioskouroi on horses rearing to right; monogram in right field; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΟΔΟΥ: of the Great King Eukratides. Style/Period: Hellenistic Bactria was a partly Hellenized country bordering India that had been part of Seleukid territory but that gained its independence c. 250 BCE Eukratides gained control of Bactria in 170 BCE by raising a revolt against the Euthydemid dynasty. He established himself as king of "the thousand cities of Bactria" and set out to enlarge his kingdom in all directions. While returning from one of his campaigns, he was killed by one of his sons, who seized the throne. The Bactrian coins are known for their strongly realistic portraits and this tetradrachm of Eukratides is no exception. He is depicted as a formidable warrior, wearing a cuirass and a bronze helmet over his diadem. The helmet has the bull's ear and horn that appeared on the leopard-skin helmet of Seleukos I (see 91.089) and that may have been meant to allude to descent from the Seleukids. His features are individualized, his expression stern. On the reverse, the Dioskouroi, Greek heroes noted for their horsemanship and prowess in battle, are shown charging with spears raised. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: N. Davis and C.M. Kraay, The Hellenistic Kingdoms: Portrait Coins and History (London 1973) 238-239. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.095 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Coin Galleries, August 15, 1961. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Eukratides, cuirass, diadem, helmet, horn, Dioskouroi, horse, Eukratides, Eucratides, Bactria, Afghanistan Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Eukratides (Eucratides), Bactria, Afghanistan, 16.34 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/872f82ff45d9a8fbebe33af13306b496.jpg b42a85ac67b4967316694eba4b607e78 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Demetrios (Demetrius) II Nikator, Syria Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 129-125 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: In laurel wreath, diademed head of Demetrios facing right. Reverse: Zeus Nikephoros enthroned facing left, with flying Nike in right hand and scepter in left hand; beneath throne, Ο; monogram in left field; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ ΝΙΚΑΤΟΡΟΣ: of King Demetrios, God, Conquerer. Style/Period: Hellenistic The eldest son of Demetrios I, Demetrios II came to the throne in 146 BCE, after killing a pretender to the throne who had killed his father. Demetrios ruled a much reduced territory for six years, until he made war with Parthia and was taken prisoner. He was held hostage in luxury for ten years. In 129 BCE he returned to Syria for a second reign that lasted until his death in 125 BCE. The coins of Demetrios' first reign depicted a clean-shaven ruler who used the traditional Seleukid "Apollo-on-omphalos" type on the reverse (see 91.090), but the coins of his second reign show clear evidence of his time in Parthia, for he wears the long hair and beard of Parthian fashion, which he apparently adopted in captivity. The type, presumably somewhat realistic, stands in sharp contrast to his predecessors' types, which are more idealized in the manner of portraits of Alexander the Great. The Zeus holding Nike on the reverse indicates that the Seleukids are reclaiming Zeus as a patron deity. The same reverse type had been used by Antiochos IV Epiphanes, who adopted Zeus as his patron deity, but it was usurped by the pretender Alexander Balas, who claimed to be the son of Antiochos. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: N. Davis and C.M. Kraay, The Hellenistic Kingdoms: Portrait Coins and History (London 1973) 217-218. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.093 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Hesperia Art, March 26, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem, Demetrios, Zeus Nikephoros, Nike, scepter, Demetrios II Nikator, Demetrius II Nikator, Syria Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Demetrios (Demetrius) II Nikator, Syria, 15.79 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/baf2b52129a3f7809f534857d6463dfc.jpg 30b5fe6b18654c382a070a3350792152 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Demetrios (Demetrius) I Soter, Syria Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 155-154 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: In laurel wreath, diademed head of Demetrios facing right. Reverse: Tyche seated facing left, holding short scepter in right hand and cornucopia in left hand; Nereid beside throne; monogram in left field. ΗΡΝ (the date in the Seleukid Era = 155-154 B.C.E.) in exergue; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ: of Demetrios the Savior. Style/Period: Hellenistic Demetrios I Soter, the son of King Seleukos IV, was given over as a hostage to Rome in place of his uncle, who took the throne as Antiochos IV when Seleukos died. But when Antiochos died and his child was put on the throne, Demetrios escaped from Rome and in 162 BCE returned to claim the Seleukid throne. He set out to reconquer the Babylonian territory that had been lost to the kingdom, thereby earning the title Soter or Saviour. In 150 BCE Demetrios was killed in battle against a coalition of neighboring states. Demetrios' portrait on his early coins had appeared fairly realistic, but toward the end of his reign he introduced this idealized type, retaining something of the beaked nose of the earlier versions, but with the upward gaze and the anastole and flowing hair alluding to portraits of Alexander. The laurel wreath around the head refers to Apollo, the patron deity of the Seleukid dynasty down to the reign of Demetrios' father (see 91.090). The reference to Apollo is probably also meant to signal the return of legitimate rule, since Antiochos IV had made Zeus Olympios his patron deity. The figure on the reverse is Tyche or Fortune, a popular divinity of the Hellenistic period and patron goddess of the Seleukid capital of Antioch, where these coins were issued. She wears the turreted crown of the city goddess. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: E.T. Newell, The Seleucid Mint at Antioch (New York 1918) 34-46; G.K. Jenkins, "Notes on Seleucid Coins," Numismatic Chronicle 19 (1951) 2-5. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.092 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Bought from Hesperia Art, Dec. 12, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, laurel wreath, diadem, Demetrios, Tyche, scepter, cornucopia, Nereid, Demetrios I Soter, Demetrius I Soter, Syria Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Demetrios (Demetrius) I Soter, Syria, 16.24 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/bbd787e745fd711c2f6af069790e33ba.jpg 0dae766278a9407ae92b08862b7fcae0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Antiochos (Antiochus) I Soter, Syria Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 264 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed head of Antiochos facing right Reverse: Apollo seated on omphalos facing left, holding arrow in right, with left resting on bow and quiver resting against omphalos; monograms in left and right fields; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ: of King Antiochos. Style/Period: Hellenistic Antiochos I of Syria succeeded his father, Seleukos I, the founder of the Seleukid dynasty, in 280 BCE at the age of forty-four. Despite constant revolts and wars throughout his reign, he managed to secure his position and keep the kingdom intact. A great victory over the Galatians in 276 BCE earned him the title Soter or Savior. He was defeated by Eumenes I of Pergamon in 262 BCE and died in 261 BCE. Antiochos originally retained the old Alexander types on his coins, but he soon began issuing tetradrachms with his own portrait on the obverse. Although the head retains some aspects of Alexander's portrait type, particularly in the arrangement of the hair, it appears to be a realistic portrait of an older man, with emphasis on his deep-set eyes, sharp nose, and pursed lips. The depiction of Apollo on the reverse initiates the most common Seleukid reverse type. Although he had not put Apollo on his own coins, Seleukos I had established him as the patron deity of the Seleukid dynasty by building a grand shrine to Apollo at Daphni, near the capital, Antioch. The omphalos is criss-crossed with ribbons and refers to the sacred stone of the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi that marked the center of the earth. The god holds his attributes, the bow and arrow, and seems to be testing the arrow in his right hand. These coins were issued by the mint at Seleucia-on-the-Tigris, and the types were continued under Antiochos II. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) (Cambridge 1991) 116. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.090 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ottilia Buerger bought from Hespeia Art, March 26, 1960. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem, Antiochos, Apollo, omphalos, arrow, bow, quiver, Antiochos I Soter, Antiochus I Soter, Syria Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Antiochos (Antiochus) I Soter, Syria, 17.17 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/d4f7f9cb6e01fa1419ce550675105120.jpg 9748690d311b52b3f24c2eda6b75d2b3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Seleukos (Seleucus) I Nikator, Syria Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 301 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Head of Seleukos or Alexander facing right, wearing helmet of leopard skin adorned with horn and ear of bull. Reverse: Nike crowning trophy of armor to right.; head of Helios below; monogram in right field; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΕΚΕΥΚΟΥ: of King Seleukos. Style/Period: Hellenistic Seleukos I Nikator (Conqueror) was one of the generals of Alexander the Great and assumed control of Babylon after Alexander's death. By degrees he became ruler of Alexander's eastern dominions, with the exception of Egypt, defeating his rivals Demetrios and Lysimachos. In 305/04 BCE he assumed the title of basileus or king. Like the other successors of Alexander, Seleukos I initially issued coins with the types used in Alexander's coinage, but like the others also he soon issued coins with his own types and in his own name. The date and even the interpretation of these tetradrachms that he issued at Susa are uncertain. The youthful head on the obverse may be an idealized head of Seleukos incorporating some aspects of Alexander's portrait, but it has also been suggested that it is Alexander himself. The leopardskin of the helmet refers to the god Dionysos, whose attribute was a leopard and who, like Alexander and Seleukos, conquered India. The helmet recalls the lionskin cap worn by Herakles on coins of Alexander, and the bull's ear and horn recall similar divine attributes in portraits of Alexander (see 91.046). The reverse has also been variously interpreted. The trophy crowned by Nike consists of a tree trunk hung with a cuirass or breastplate, a helmet, and a shield, clear references to military victory. It is usually taken to refer to Seleukos' important victory over Antigonos Monophthalmos at the Battle of Ipsos in 301 BCE, but it has also been seen as a generalized reference to Alexander's and Seleukos' Indian victories. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: R.A. Hadley, "Seleucus, Dionysos, or Alexander?," Numismatic Chronicle 1974, 9-13; O. Mørkholm, Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.) (Cambridge 1991) 72. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.089 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ottilia Buerger Collection bought from Hesperia Art, March 18, 1961. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Seleukos or Alexander, helmet, leopard skin, horn, Nike,armor, Helios, Seleukos I, Seleucus ,I Nikator, Syria Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Seleukos (Seleucus) I Nikator, Syria, 17.0 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/99065308fb4d175541c975cbb603085c.jpg 0846723cfdf0e296930e3a5bac751df9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Magnesia-on-Maeander, Ionia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 155-140 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Bust of Artemis facing right, wearing stephane, bow, and quiver over left shoulder. Reverse: Within wreath, nude Apollo standing to left on maeander, leaning on tripod to his left, filleted branch in right; to left, ΕΥΦΗΜΟΣ ΠΑΥΣΑΝΙΟΥ: Euphemos Pausaniou; to right, ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ: of the Magnesians. Style/Period: Hellenistic Magnesia-on-Maeander was an old Ionian city once located on the river Maeander, which is now silted up. In antiquity it was famous for its sanctuary of Artemis Leukophryene. It was made autonomous in the Treaty of Apamea in 188 BCE and issued its own wreathed tetradrachms in the middle of the second century. The obverse of the tetradrachms depicts a bust of Artemis wearing a stephane or crown and with her attributes, a quiver and bow, at her left shoulder. It was typical of the autonomous cities of the period to abandon portraits of Alexander and his royal successors and to resume use of the cities' main deities on their obverses. On the reverse is Artemis' brother, Apollo, also worshipped at Magnesia. He stands on the maeander, emblem of the city. To the left is the name Euphemos Pausaniou (Ephemos, son of Pausanias), one of eight names occurring on the reverses of Magnesia's tetradrachms. The significance of these men for the coinage of Magnesia is unclear. It has been suggested that they were officials of the mint or that they were liturgists, wealthy men who contributed materially to the city, in this case to the production of its coins, and who were then honored with the appearance of their names on the reverses. Euphemos may be the same man, apparently a prominent citizen of Magnesia, who was the recipient of a Magnesian honorary decree of uncertain date and who was a temple steward of the cult of Artemis Leukophryene in 138 or 132 BCE. The evidence of the seven hoards in which the Magnesian wreathed tetradrachms have been found suggests that they were issued from c. 155-140 BCE. -- Carol L. Lawton Bibliography: N.F. Jones, "The Autonomous Wreathed Tetradrachms of Magnesia-on- Maeander," American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 24 (1979) 63-109. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.082 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Former collection of Ottilia Buerger. Purchased from Münzen und Medaillen, 1973. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, Artemis, stephane, bow, quiver, wreath, Apollo, tripod, branch, Magnesia-on-Maeander, Ionia Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Magnesia-on-Maeander, Ionia, 16.77 g. https://thor.lawrence.edu/omeka/buerger/files/original/f765dcdc4928225ecd03d43276a1903e.jpg dd7a44729ab77f966c261b4e062cd2f7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Otillia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins Description An account of the resource More coming soon... complete collection available on<span><span> ArtStor</span></span><span><span><br /></span></span> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mithradates VI the Great Eupator, Pontus (Pontos) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 75 BCE Description An account of the resource Obverse: Diademed head of Mithradates facing right. Reverse: In ivy wreath, grazing stag facing to left; in left field, star and crescent above monogram; in right field, BKS (date of the Bithynian Era = 75 B.C.) above monogram; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΙΘΡΑΔΑΤΟΥ ΕΥΠΑΤΟΡΟΣ: of King Mithradates Eupator. Style/Period: Hellenistic Mithradates was a bitter enemy of Rome, with whom he fought three wars between 88 and 63 BCE He saw himself as the protector of the Greeks, who initially welcomed his attempts to stave off the Romans, but in the end his rule was oppressive, and he met resistance even in his own territory. At the height of his power he controlled much of Asia Minor and Greece, choosing Pergamon as his capital and royal residence. Rome eventually forced him to give up his conquered territory, pay a huge indemnity, and retreat to his original borders. He committed suicide in 63 BCE. Since most of Mithradates' coins are dated, the origin of the types on this tetradrachm can be traced to 89/88 BCE, the year of his great invasion of Asia Minor. The clearly idealized portrait of Mithradates on the obverse makes a sharp break with the hard-bitten, realistic style of his predeces sors' portraits (see 93.011). In contrast to their foreign features, short beards, and long sideburns, Mithradates, over fifty at the time, appears youthful, clean-shaven, and Hellenized, with the flowing hair and upward gaze associated above all with portraits of Alexander the Great (see 91.046). The portrait type was probably intended to appeal to the Greeks of Asia Minor, to whom he wanted to appear as their saviour, the new Alexander. The stag on the reverse, an attribute of the Greek goddess Artemis, may have been intended to refer to her major cult and sanctuary in Ephesos in Asia Minor and thus again to appeal to the Greeks of the area. The star and crescent, perhaps a family device, represent the sun and moon and allude to the Persian worship of celestial bodies. The ivy wreath refers to Dionysos, Mithradates' patron deity, a Greek god but one associated with the East. -- Kristin J. Brainard Addington, LU '94 Bibliography: M.J. Price, "Mithradates VI Eupator, Dionysus, and the Coinages of the Black Sea," Numismatic Chronicle, 7th series, 8 (1968) 1-12. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 91.078 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wriston Art Center Galleries, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI,wriston-gallery@lawrence.edu,920-832-6890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ottilia Buerger bought from Edward Gans, March, 1959. Subject The topic of the resource Hellenistic, diadem, Mithradates, ivy wreath, stag, star, crescent, Mithradates VI the Great Eupator, Pontus (Pontos) Title A name given to the resource Silver Tetradrachm of Mithradates VI the Great Eupator, Pontus (Pontos), 16.78 g.